School of Arts and Social Sciences

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Bantu and Nilotic Children’s Singing Games: a Comparative Study of their Value Communication
(2009) Weche, Michael
This study is based on the premise that Luo and Luhya children’s singing games are creative works that subtly reflect the aesthetics of the two communities. The aim is to critically examine how the performance of the singing games and their texts reflect the aspirations, norms and values of the macro cultures of the two Nilotic and Bantu communities respectively. The sampled singing games include those done in the traditional setting, sung in vernacular and those that are taken from the urban or cosmopolitan settings. Our findings reveal that Luo and Luhya children’s singing games are a significant resource in communicating the values of the two communities. Luo and Luhya children imitate their physical and social environments and dramatize about the aesthetics of the communities. This dramatization reflects both traditional values and the new emerging values that have been necessitated by the introduction of western values, formal education, Christianity and others. In these singing games Luo and Luhya children are able to socialize, learn and also uphold the values of unity and respect for one another. The singing games are significant in the learning process and character development of the children involved in the performance. University of Cape Town vi Luo and Luhya children’s singing games play a significant role in socializing the children in their different societies. The socialization makes the child to be rooted in the aesthetics and aspirations of his/her society. Urban children’s singing games that are sung by Luhya and Luo children reflect the child’s creativity, improvisation and the ability to borrow from various sources. The singing games utilize various sources, including the electronic media, print media and also rhymes from other cultures. Children’s singing games are repertoires of a people’s aesthetics. Apart from directly teaching the participants cultural issues and requirements, the singing games are crucial to the articipants’ social and moral development. Luo and Luhya children’s singing games reflect the macro culture of the Luo and Luhya communities respectively and to a great extent the changing values in the Kenyan society. The study also gives some insights arising from the findings that can be of benefit to future researchers. There is need for researchers to focus on children’s singing games as creative works and discover their role in the social and moral development of the child and also find out how these creative works can be used in an educational set up.
Effects of informal alternative family care on children wellbeing in Migori county, Kenya
(2017) Onyango, Erick Ater
Informal alternative family care is found every society in the world taking various forms of dimensions. In Kenya, it is more prevalent when families fail to embrace alternative family care for adoption, guardianship and foster care. Kenya conforms to legal frameworks allowing utilization of both human and financial resources safeguarding children wellbeing. Despite legislative arrangements, documentation on alternative family care at the Department of Children Services reveals very low intake of adoption, foster care and guardianship in Migori County. The study sought to examine the effects of informal alternative family care on children wellbeing in Migori County. Specifically, the study determined knowledge of alternative family care, examined the nature of informal alternative family care arrangements, established determinants of informal alternative family care and examined challenges of this care arrangement in Migori County. The study was guided by the social theory of action systems by Talcott Parsons and theory of structuration by Antony Giddens premised on the fact that actions of individuals regulate social order. The study was conducted in Migori County, one of the 47 counties in Kenya. The study adopted descriptive and cross sectional survey design. The target population was households from the entire County and household was the unit of analysis with household heads constituting respondents in the survey. The county has a population of 917,170 people and 180,211 households. A sample of 399 respondents was selected using Glenn Israel’s formula from the entire number of households in the County. Further, 14 respondents were selected for focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Cluster, multistage, purposive and simple random sampling methods were used and both quantitative and qualitative data were collected from household survey, key informant interviews, focus group discussions and observation using questionnaires, interview guides, guiding questions and observation checklist. Cronbach’s coefficient alpha and content validity index were used to test instruments validity and reliability respectively. Quantitative data was analysed using inferential and descriptive statistics such as mean, chi-square and Karl Parson correlations statistics with the help of SPSS version 23. Content and framework techniques were used for analysis of qualitative data and emerging themes were identified and concepts generated. Research study revealed that, majority 56.2% of care givers was aware of the formal alternative care arrangements. Care givers were more acquainted with institutional care 37%, more than, guardianship 28%, adoption 19% and foster 15% arrangements. There was mixed reaction on these arrangements with the majority 58%, considering them best for child care while 11% noted they were complicated, 8% not practicable and 4% not important for taking care of children. Kinship support to child headed household was the most practiced 36.4% and 2.5% practiced familial informal care arrangement. Further, the study revealed determinants for informal alternative family care where 87% of care givers noted the influences of alternative family care arrangements on improving child wellbeing. Finally the study revealed that both care givers and children face challenges in alternative family care for children. The study contributes to the academic body of knowledge and provides the basis for policy formulation. The study concludes that informal alternative family care arrangements contribute to children wellbeing. The study recommends to the Ministry through the Department of children services to sensitize the public on best alternative care practices, formalize all alternative family care, provide universal social security and tailor a training program for care givers on positive parenting for children in informal alternative family care.
Social determinants of maternal healthcare-seeking behaviour in the informal settlements of Nairobi city, Kenya
(2017-07) Shivachi, Taji Isindu
Despite the fact that the government of Kenya has taken several steps to make it easier for all women to access maternal healthcare services (MHS), studies show that utilization of these services continues to be poor in the informal settlements of Nairobi, resulting in adverse pregnancy outcomes. In view of the aforementioned, this study sought to investigate the social determinants of maternal healthcare-seeking behaviour (MHsB) in informal settlements. The specific objectives of the study were to establish the level of MHsB among women in the study area; examine the effects of availability of MHS on MHsB; determine the influence of socio-demographic factors on MHsB; and evaluate the relationship between women’s status and their MHsB. The hypotheses of the study were that maternal MHsB is low in the study area; availability of maternal healthcare services does not influence maternal healthcare-seeking behaviour; there is a positive and strong association between socio-demographic factors and MHsB; and that women of a higher status are more likely to have better MHsB than their counterparts of a lower status. A thematic literature review was conducted based on the objectives of the study. The three delays model was applied as the theoretical framework for this study. The study was conducted in Korogocho slums, Nairobi, due to evidence that among all informal settlements of Nairobi, Korogocho has persistently recorded the worst pregnancy outcomes despite apparent availability of healthcare facilities. The study adopted a mixed method approach, which involved a survey and analysis of secondary data. The survey had 512 main respondents, who were drawn from among women who delivered in the 12 months preceding data collection and 46 key informants drawn from healthcare practitioners. Respondents were selected through cluster and systematic random sampling technique, while Key informants were selected through purposive sampling method. Data was collected from main respondents using questionnaires and focus group discussions, and from key informants through in-depth interviews. Qualitative data was summarized into themes and analyzed through content analysis. Descriptive statistics were applied to present the characteristics of the respondents, which have been displayed in frequency tables and charts. Inferential statistics were used to determine the association between socio-demographic determinants and status of women and MHsB. The study established that 39%, 33%, and 28% of the respondents had high, mediumand lowMHsB respectively. The study found that there is a statistically significant relationship between MHsB and indicators of availability of MHS, like perceived quality of MHS, perceptions about the cost of services, and perceived availability of medical personnel and equipment. The study also revealed that demographic factors such as age, marriage, ethnicity and religious affiliation have a weak association with MHsB. Other socio-demographic factors like previous pregnancy outcomes and maternal knowledge were also found to influence MHsB. The study established that there is a strong and positive association between MHsB and indicators of socio-economic status (Gamma = 0.5872, 0.7494, 0.5928, and 0.5283 for level of education, income, occupation, and autonomy respectively). The study recommends that the Kenyan national and Nairobi County governments put in place measures to improve and monitor quality, and conduct awareness campaigns with targeted messages to improve maternal knowledge, with a view to improving MHsB in informal settlements
The effect of tax compliance strategies expenditure on government tax revenue in Kenya
(2018) Nyakundi, James Barare
This study endeavored to establish the effects of tax compliance strategies expenditure on government tax revenue. The specific objectives of the study were to: establish the effect of tax payer education expenditure on tax revenue, determine the effect of improved tax payer services expenditure on tax revenue, and assess the effect of law enforcement expenditure on tax revenue as well as determine the effect of technology adoption expenditure on tax revenue. The study was pegged on three theories namely; the economic deterrence theory, fiscal exchange theory and the regulatory compliance theory. Revenue data between 1980 and 2015 was used in the study. Ordinary Least Squares technique (OLS) was employed to establish the long run relationship between expenditure on taxpayer education, tax payer services, expenditure on law enforcement and adoption of technology on government tax revenues. Breusch-pagan test was used to test for heteroscedasticity and multi-collinearity, Variance Inflation Factor method was used. The study tested for serial autocorrelation since the data was of time series nature. The Jarque-Bera test was also conducted to test normality for the error term. Impulse response and variance decomposition were used to test the relation between tax compliance strategies expenditure and tax revenue. Further, the relationship between variables was established through correlation analysis. The results of the study show that the expenditures by the tax authority on the use of technology, law enforcement and the tax payer education were statistically significant in explaining the variations in tax revenue. The relationship between the three expenditures and revenue is positive, which implies that as the tax authority increases its expenditure on law enforcement, technology or on tax payer education, it is expected that tax revenue will grow. Contrary to these findings is the fact that the expenditure of the tax authority on improved tax payer services is not significant in explaining the variations in tax revenue.
Determinants of government consumption expenditure in Kenya
(2018) Majoge, Peter Odira
Government expenditure is a very instrumental demand tool in achieving economic stability and policy makers frequently use it to influence certain economic outcomes. Government expenditure majorly consists of two components: investment and consumption components. Many researchers concede that higher level of government consumption expenditure is growth retarding and therefore undesirable. The aim of the study was establish the economic, structural and political and institutional determinants of government consumption expenditure in Kenya. Government consumption expenditure in Kenya has grown relatively faster from Ksh 31.2732 billion in 1963 to Ksh 2107.2 billion in 2018. There is still scanty literature on this topic and yet consumption expenditure accounts for more than 55% of Kenya’s total public spending every year. Because Shonchoy (2010) panel analysis suffers from cross-sectional heterogeneity and fails to be informative about Kenya’s consumption spending, it became a motivation to examine the causes for the rise in Kenya’s government consumption expenditure. Studies done by Kanano (2006) explained the reasons behind growth in gross expenditure, while Maingi (2010) and Abwoga (2013) focused on the effects of public consumption expenditure on economic growth in Kenya. However, their studies did not attempt to explain the causes of its growth. Oketch, T. O. and Linge, T. (2018) examined the determinants of recurrent public expenditure in Kenya but, however, reduced their scope and narrowed on salaries/wages, social contribution and non-wage related variables such as rent & utilities, travelling expenses, hospitality and other consumables and that focus makes this study deviate from their study. In light of this arguement, this study followed quantitative and correlational studies design to establish the reasons for rise in consumption expenditure in Kenya and drawing from the public choice approach, three models were used:(i) Economic model; consisted of gross domestic product, foreign aid, inflation rate, foreign direct investment, interest rate, trade openness and external debt stock (ii) Structural model; consisted of urbanization rate, young population (below 15 years) and old population (above 64 years) (iii) Politico-institutional model; comprised of market liberalization, political liberty, political cohesion, corruption and elections. Published data obtained from World Bank, Country Data Portal (2018) were used. Following cointegration test results on the time series data for the period 1963-2017, VECM, VAR and OLS estimations techniques were adopted. The results were that in the long-run, while 1USD increase in GDP causes USD1.3 increase in government consumption expenditure, a unit increase in inflation rate would cause USD1.8 increase in consumption expenditure. However, 1USD increase in foreign direct investment and external debt stock causes, respectively, USD 0.07 and USD 2.6 drop in government consumption expenditure. Corruption, democracy and political instability have positive effects on government consumption expenditure in Kenya. Urbanization and population dynamics jointly affect the variable in the short-run. This study recommends that the government should strengthen its institutions that are mandated to deal with graft cases, create peaceful political setting at all times and ensure a friendly environment to foreign investors
Patterns of utilization of hiv preventive services by boda-boda operators in homabay town, kenya
(2018) Omolo, Winnie Akinyi
The mobility of the transport sector makes it difficult to access health information and treatment and/or maintain a drug regimen. There is high HIV prevalence rate in Homa-Bay County with a prevalence of 25.7% compared to 5.6% nationally. The purpose of the study was to determine patterns of utilization of HIV preventive services which specifically sought to find out awareness of HIV status, to determine the HIV prevention strategies employed by the boda-boda, to investigate the driversaffecting the uptake of HIV preventive services and finally to explore the health seeking behavior patterns among boda-boda operators in Homa-Bay town. The study adopted three theories key among them was cognitive theory. This was a mixed methods study. The study population was 1120 and it targeted male boda-boda operators who were aged between 20-40 years. The sample size for the study was 119. The main respondents were boda-boda operators while key respondents were their group leaders. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the drivers affecting the uptake of HIV preventive services among the study population. Results from this study show that a majority of the operators (89.3%) reported having been tested for HIV. Relatively low HIV prevention service uptake with condom being the most used service at 68.9%. In the multivariate analysis, occupation of the respondent, marital status and highest level of education attained were significantly associated with HIV prevention services uptake. Participants who reported owning a business, either (Duka, Kiosk or Juakali) were about 38% less likely to utilize any of the services compared to those who reported farming as their other source of income occupation (PR=0.62, 95% CI 0.62-0.96); whereas in terms of marital status, divorced/separated were two-fold likely to use any of the two services compared to the married in a monogamous family (PR=2.13, 95% CI 1.36-3.33). Those respondents reporting having attained primary level of education as the highest were 1.3 more likely to utilize any of the services compared to those reporting secondary as the highest level of education (PR=1.33, 95% CI 1.00-1.78). Finally, medical pluralism was noted among boda-boda operators who sought health services. The study concludes that, HIV testing services in Homa-Bay are effective since many respondents reported having had an HIV test. However, utilization of HIV preventive services are relatively low as compared to the high awareness of HIV preventive services. Occupation, marital status and level of education were found to be the drivers affecting uptake of HIV preventive services. Finally, medical pluralism was noted among the operators who sought health services. The study recommends to the ministry through NACC to create flexible HIV testing hours in order to reach all the operators with testing services, put emphasis to increase the utilization of HIV prevention methods through education, there is also a need to target operators with higher educational levels, those that own business and married monogamous to increase their ability to effectively utilize HIV preventive methods. Finally, education on the importance of seeking medical services from health facilities should be stressed.
Responsiveness of health care systems on elderly optimal ageing in rural Kenya: the case of rachuonyo north subcounty of homa bay county
(2018) Sibuor, John Odero
Optimal aging in the elderly has become an important concept globally due to increasing number of people aged 60 years and above and their subsequent pressure on health services. The elderly, expectant mothers and children below five years comprise the world vulnerable population. In Kenya, unlike the Western world, only the expectant mothers and children below 5 years have special health care service guides, thus leaving the elderly on routine health care system. This study investigated the influence of health systems responsiveness on optimal ageing of the elderly in rural Kenya, Rachuonyo north sub-county of Homa Bay county. Specifically, the study sought to determine the level of optimal aging among the elderly, establish the influence of respect for persons in caring for the elderly on elderly optimal ageing, determine the influence of implementation of the concept of client orientation in caring for the elderly on elderly optimal ageing, evaluate the influence of Health System preparedness to care for the elderly on elderly optimal ageing. The study was guided by Systems theory. A conceptual framework showing the relationship between health system responsiveness and optimal aging was adopted. The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional explorative survey. Semi-structured questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussions were used as methods of data collection. Study population was 10,033 elderly and sample size of 385 was determined by Taro Yamane’s formula with margin of error of 5%. Respondents were obtained by using cluster and purposive sampling methods. Further 45 Key Informants and five 10 focus group discussion members were obtained by purposive sampling method. Reliability of the questionnaire was determined by Cronbach alpha which ascertained at least 0.7 in all subscales. Validity was determined by expert supervisors and by piloting. Quantitative data was analyzed using mean, correlation and regression while qualitative data was analyzed thematically in which concepts were identified and emerging themes generated. In a Likert scale of 1to 5, the study established that there was moderate level of optimal ageing with mean response of2.61, (r =.247; p < 0.05), there was positive correlation (r =.247;p < 0.05) between observance of respect for persons and elderly optimal ageing, there was positive correlation (r =.534; p< 0.05) between implementation of the concept of client orientation and optimal ageing and there was positive correlation (r =.447; p < 0.05)between health system preparedness and elderly optimal ageing. The study revealed that health system accounts for 56% of the variances in optimal aging of the elderly in the study area. In conclusion, the study established that elderly experience moderate aging due to multiple morbidity associated factors; there was statistically significant influence of implementation of client orientation in caring for the elderly on elderly optimal ageing however, majority of the elderly expressed marked resentments over respect accorded to them by health staff; there was statistically significant influence of implementation of the concept of client orientation in caring for the elderly on optimal ageing but there was inadequate understanding of the elderly on the potentials and challenges of the health systems. Finally, there was statistically significant positive effect of Health Systems preparedness on elderly optimal ageing and that currently health service providers practice with general health care knowledge. The study recommended the use of specific elderly care service guide, sensitization of health care service provider to the observance of respect for persons, positive interactive sessions between health care service provider and the elderly, specialized training of health care service providers to care for the elderly and further study on how to improve on the observance of respect for persons in caring for the elderly.
Parental involvement in teenage pregnancy prevention in Kenya: a study of Nyatike sub-county, Migori county
(2018) Awuor, Tabitha Auma
Teenage pregnancy is associated with social, economic and health risks. It is rampant among school going girls who depend fully upon their parents. Parental involvement is considered necessary in preventing such pregnancies. This study therefore sought to investigate parental involvement in teenage pregnancy prevention in Nyatike Sub-county, Migori County, Kenya. It specifically aimed at; establishing the influence of sexual health education on teenage pregnancy prevention; examining how monitoring and supervision of teen girls prevent teenage pregnancy; and determining the extent to which parent-teen communication can prevent teenage pregnancy. Literature was reviewed based on the specific objectives of this study. The study utilized two theories; Structural Functionalism Theory and Social Cognitive Theory. Descriptive Cross-Sectional Survey Design was employed. Target population of the study was 30, 422 households in Nyatike Sub-county, and the unit of analysis was a household with teenage girl(s) while observational unit was one parent of teenage girls in every sampled household. Krejcie and Morgan sampling formula was used to get a sample size of 138 households from the target population 10 % statistical recommendation was used to obtain a sample size of 18 key informants. Cluster sampling, purposive, random and Snowball sampling techniques were used to get the main respondents. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire and Key Informant Interview guide. The data collected through questionnaire was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and transcripts from interviews were analyzed by identifying and discussing common themes which emerged from the data. The key findings of the study were that majority of parents 85% teach their teenage girls sexuality related issues. However, a greater percentage, 67% were not comfortable when discussing sexuality issues with their girls. This translated to only 11% of the parents frequently discussing sex related issues with their children. The study also revealed that majority of parents 55% either knew a few or none of their daughters‘ friends. Findings also revealed that most of the parents 49% were not very close with their daughters, and 62% of teenage girls were not open in sexuality discussions with parents. The study also found out that there was no association between parent-teen relational closeness, and discussion of sexuality issues (x2=0.344 at 2 df and P<0.05). However, there was a weak association between parental comfort and sexuality discussion (x2=11.547 at 1df and P>0.05 and Cramer‘s V of 0.289). Similarly, teenage girls‘ openness was also associated with sexuality discussions at (x2=8.9222 at 1df and P>0.05 and Cramer‘s V of 0.254). This study concludes that parental involvement in teenage pregnancy prevention is limited in the study area hence the high numbers of teenage pregnancies. Therefore, the National and County governments should train parents on age appropriate comprehensive sex education and provide them with educational materials and guidelines, develop a multisectoral approach to promote parental monitoring and supervision and finally, Ministry of Labour and Social Protection through Childrens‘ Department should organize for parent-teen communication workshops in Nyatike Sub-county, Migori County, Kenya.
Factors associated with accidents involving commercial motorcycle operators in Migori town, Kenya
(2018) Owino, James Ochieng
Transport services offered by commercial motorcycle operators present a number of advantages to users. The advantages range from affordability to flexibility. Due to shortage of formal employment, many Kenyan youth have ventured into commercial motorcycle taxi business, but the sub sector is facing many challenges key to which is rampant cases of motor accidents. This study explored factors associated with accident involving commercial motorcycle operators in Migori town, Kenya. Specifically, this study sought to: - determine the association between rider formal training and accidents involving commercial motorcycle operators, determine the effect of rider alcohol use on accidents involving commercial motorcycle operators, determine the association between age of rider and accidents involving commercial motorcycle operators and, determine the association between rider compliance with traffic laws and accidents involving commercial motorcycle operators, in the study area. This study employed a descriptive survey design targeting all the commercial motorcycle operators registered with Migori town Motorists Sacco Limited. A simple random sampling technique was used to identify one hundred and ninety five (195) commercial motorcycle operators. In addition, purposive sampling was used to include five (5) key informants in the study. The study was guided with Human Factors Theory. Pretested structured questionnaire was administered to the sampled commercial motorcycle operators to collect quantitative data. Separately, in- depth interviews were conducted to the key informants to gather qualitative data. The quantitative data was coded, sorted and analyzed descriptively using SPSS software. Inferential statistics using Chi – Square and Binary Logistic Regression were used to test associations between independent and dependent variables. A probability value of p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Qualitative data was classified, summarized and analyzed using content analysis approach. The findings were presented in form of tables and narrative forms. Research findings revealed that rider formal training had significant association with motorcycle accident. The study also found that, rider alcohol use, age of rider and rider compliance with traffic laws did not have significant association with motorcycle accident in Migori town. Based on these findings, the study concluded that rider formal training is important in reducing commercial motorcycle related accidents. The study therefore recommended that potential riders should undergo formal training in driving schools as a way of reducing commercial motorcycle accidents. It is during formal training that other issues such as rider alcohol use during working hours and rider compliance with traffic laws, which are found to be insignificantly associated with motorcycle accident in this study, would be taught.
Patterns of utilization of uwezo fund among the youths in Kenya: a case of Rongo sub-county, Migori County
(2018) Ouko, Calvine Ooko
Uwezo Fund is provided to youths in Kenya to enhance self-employment among them. However, utilization of such fund remains a challenge. Nearly 80% of youths in Rongo sub-county cannot account for Ksh. 16,943,338 which has so far been disbursed to them. This study therefore sought to assess the patterns of utilization of Uwezo Fund among youths in Rongo Sub-County, Migori County, Kenya. Specific objectives of the study are: influence of accessibility of Uwezo fund on its usage; socio-demographic factors that influence the usage of the fund; and the socio-economic factors influencing the usage of Uwezo Fund. Literature was reviewed in relation to the specific objectives of the study. The study adopted Theory of Planned Behavior and Social Learning Theory. It utilized a cross-sectional descriptive survey design. The study targeted youths who were recipients of Uwezo Fund in Rongo Sub-County. The target population was 1,296 youths and two Sub-county Uwezo Fund officers. Cluster, Proportionate and Simple random sampling were adopted where 125 youths were used as a sample. Data was collected using questionnaires, key informant interview and focus group discussion. Validity of research instruments were ensured by discussing them with research supervisors. Reliability was ensured by doing a pre-test. Data was subjected to both descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Results were presented in tables, bar charts and pie charts. The study found that most youths (76.80%) do not receive amount of Uwezo Fund they apply for. The study also found that amount of Uwezo Funds accessed has a strong significant association with its planned use (ᵪ2=69.512 at 1df and P=0.05, with a Cramer‟s V of 0.746). Regarding socio-demographic factors, the study found weak association between planned use of Uwezo Fund and Age (ᵪ2=9.388 at 2df and P=0.05, with a Cramer‟s V of 0.274) and marital status (ᵪ2=7.398 at 2df and P=0.05, with a Cramer‟s V of 0.243). The study found no significant association between use of Uwezo Fund and gender (ᵪ2=1.622 at 1df and P=0.05) and religion (ᵪ2=0.588 at 2df and P=0.05). On socio-economic factors, the study found weak association between use of Uwezo fund and level of education (ᵪ2=8.006 at 3df and P=0.05, with a Cramer‟s V of 0.253) and income (ᵪ2=7.568 at 2df and P=0.05, with a Cramer‟s V of 0.246). The study found no association between use of Uwezo Fund and occupation (ᵪ2=6.303 at 3df and P=0.05). The study concludes that there exist a strong relationship between amount of Uwezo Fund accessed and its use. There is also a relationship between socio-demographic and socio-economic factors and planned utilization of Uwezo Fund. The study recommends the following: Government through the ministry of finance should increase amount allocated to individual youth groups; Ministry of Public Service, Youth and Gender Affairs to consider socio-demographic factors of youths in distributing the fund; and the ministry Public Service, Youth and Gender Affairs should also consider socio-economic factors of the youths in allocating funds and carry out monitoring and evaluation on economic projects undertaken by youths.
Factors associated with teenage pregnancy in riana division, ndhiwa sub-county, Kenya
(2019) Dede, Benard Nyateko
This study investigated factors associated with teenage pregnancy among the teenagers who are regular attendants of religious meetings in Riana Division of Ndhiwa sub-County, Kenya. Specifically, the study set to examine the prevalence of teenage pregnancy, establish premarital sex, level of contraceptive use and determined the effect of sex education on teenage pregnancy among regular religious worshippers in the study area. The study was based on the Psychosocial theory by Ausubel (1961) and employed Cross-sectional survey design. Data was collected using questionnaires and in-depth interview schedule from 303 girls randomly selected from the target population of 12,044. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics of frequencies, percentages, means and spearman correlation coefficient and inferential statistics of chi-square and results presented in frequency tables and figures. The study established that there is high prevalence of teenage pregnancy, premarital sex, low contraceptive use and low sex education all these thus contributing to teenage pregnancy .It was discovered that religious leaders and parents do very little in teaching responsible premarital sexual behaviors among the teenagers in Riana Division of Ndhiwa Sub County, Homa Bay County. It is concluded therefore from the finding that factors contributing to teenage pregnancy in Riana Division are premarital sex, low contraceptive use and lack of adequate sex education. The study recommends that the provision of religious and sex education to be strengthen and the teenagers be encouraged to use and be provided with contraceptives to help solve the problem of teenage pregnancy.
Mielekeo ya wanafunzi kuhusu ufundishaji wa stadi za mawasiliano kwa kiswahili katika taasisi za kiufundi za kitaifa nchini Kenya
(2019) Kavoi, Jackson Mutuku
Attitudes are feelings which people have towards something or a certain object and they are crucial in influencing an individual‘s response. Attitudes as well,activates peoples‘ inner perceptions towards certain objects, situations or subjects, for example, teaching of Communication Skills in Kiswahili in national polytechnics. Basically, any pronouncement on language policy, especially in the education system, should consider the attitudes of those who may be affected. Therefore, it is out of this realizationthat an analysis of students‘ attitudes towards the use of Kiswahili in teaching Communication Skills in national polytechnics is of utmost importance. The first objective of this study was to analyse attitudes of students taking science courses as well as those students taking Arts courses towards teaching of Communication Skills in Kiswahili in Kenyan national polytechnics. The second objective was to find out lecturers‘, education officers‘ and curriculum developers‘ views on the importance of teaching Communication Skills in Kiswahili in national polytechnics. Lastly, this study sought to examine the students‘ views on the importance of Kiswahili in technical education. This study was guided by the Theory of Reasoned Action and Functionalism.A descriptive survey design was used to guide the study. 5 institutions and a sample of 148 respondents was used, drawn from a population of 991 students. Balian‘s (1988) formula was used to select the sample size. Others were 20 lecturers from the 5 national polytechnics, one official from the Ministry of Higher Education Science and Technology (MOHEST) and another from Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development (KICD). Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and content analysis tools were used to analyse data. The results indicated that 2.82% of the 142 respondents, depicted negative attitude, while 97.18% were mostly positive about being taught Communication Skills in Kiswahili. Students pursuing arts-related courses posted low positive attitudes compared to those pursuing science courses. Likewise, the diploma students posted low positive attitudes compared to the certificate students. On the other hand, gender influenced attitudes towards the use of Kiswahili in teaching communications skills. Female students posted higher positive attitudes compared to their counter parts. The education stakeholders with an exception of the MOHEST official, felt there was a need to use Kiswahilialongside English in teaching of communication skills. Moreso, they were of the opinion that certificate students may be used as front runners in the teaching of the subject. Although English is the official language and a medium of instruction, Kiswahili language has very important roles to play in technical institutions. Some of these roles include day to day communication among the students, clarification of concepts in class especially to the certificate students, guidance and counseling, communication between the students and the support staff, sevice deliverly, academic discussions during preparation forinternal and externalexaminations among other roles. The findings of this study will benefit graduates and the receipients of their services by making communication simple, concise and clear. MOHEST and KICD may find it necessary to review their policy towards teaching of communication skills in technical institutes.
Udumishaji wa lugha ya kimaragoli katika eneobunge la uriri, Kenya
(2019) Sangili, Nabeta Nixon Kenyani
Numerous research projects on language death and attrition due to failure of maintenance have been done in different languages in Kenya and across the globe. Currently, this problem is well documented by international bodies like the United Nations and the African Union as well as their member states. Some of the languages researched had initially migrated from their ancestral land. Maragoli language spoken in Uriri constituency is one of these languages that migrated from their ancestral land. Whereas some of these languages have been researched and well documented, little had been done on Maragoli in Uriri Constituency. It is worth noting that without empirical evidence on the present situation of Maragoli, we could not establish if it was being maintained or not. It is from this aforementioned problem that this research was conceived. This research aimed at investigating maintenance of Maragoli language in Uriri Constituency. In order to fulfil this aim, the following objectives were used: to establish the language maintenance strategies used by the Maragoli speakers in Uriri Constituency; to evaluate the language competencies and performance of Maragoli speakers; to discuss linguistic impact of Maragoli and Dholuo contact and to discuss the role of attitudes of Maragoli and Dholuo speakers in maintenance of Maragoli language. The research was guided by an eclectic theories of Language Contact theory as propounded by Weinreich (1953) and improved by Thomason and Kauffman (1988), Social Reproductive Theory espoused by Bourdieu (1977) and Ethnolinguistic Revitalization theory as propounded by Giles, Bourhis and Taylor (1977). The research adopted descriptive survey and comparative research designs. The target population was 20,000 Maragoli speakers spread in 5 Wards of Uriri Constituency. Yamane’s Formula (1967) was used to derive a representatuive sample of 390 respondents selected purposively. Data was collected using questionannaires, interviews and focus group discussion. Purposive sampling was also used to select 5 interviewees and 10 discussants. Quantitative data was analysed using frequency counts, percentages and means and presented using tables, graphs and pie charts. Qualitative data was transcribed, translated, organised into thematic areas and verbatim reports written. Findings revealed that Maragoli speakers have employed strategies of maintaining their language. The most preferred strategies included listening to Maragoli radio stations (75.8%), parents teaching children at home (73.2%) and speaking Maragoli at home (72.7%). However, variations in strategies were witnessed from one group to another. It was also discovered that the middle age and elderly group displayed highest competence level of Maragoli (93.4%), followed by children (93.3%) and youth (89%). It was discovered that competence among the youth and children is majorly affected by Dholuo interference in various domains. Dholuo interferes with Maragoli in domain use, lexicalization and individual Maragoli speaker’s speech patterns. Code mixing and code switching is experienced among the youth and children. This has led to intergenerational changes of Maragoli language in Uriri. Maragoli speakers have displayed positive attitude towards their language despite slight variations in age groups. The average positive attitude was reported at 83.4%. These findings indicate that Maragoli is being maintained due to effective strategies, good competence levels, negligible lexical interference by Dholuo and positive attitude by Maragoli and Dholuo speakers towards the language. These findings will be pertinent and insightful to speakers of endangered ethnic languages on how they can revive their languages, building of scholary work on contact linguistics in Kiswahili, language planning technocrats, Ministry of Education and International bodies like AU and UNESCO who are involved in Research and Documentation of Language Endangerment and Language Revitalization Strategies across the globe.
Impacts of Colonialism on Traditional Land Tenure Systems and agricultural practices in Awendo sub-county, Kenya, 1903-2010
(2020) Omondi, Mark
The study examined the impacts of colonialism on traditional land tenure systems and agricultural practices in Awendo Sub County, Kenya, between 1903 and 2010. The chapter one looked at the background to justification. The study had significance since, it will help readers to know how the traditional land tenure and agricultural practices impacted socially and economically, think of introduction of individual land tenure and cash oriented colonial crop, sugarcane as major impact of colonial activities in Awendo sub county, allow the government to find a better way of improving land tenure systems, and agricultural production. The three specific objectives were; to account for the precolonial Luo land tenure systems and agricultural practices in Awendo; to examine the colonial land use policies and agricultural practices in Awendo, 1903-1963; to evaluate the impact of the colonialism on the traditional land tenure systems and agricultural in Awendo, 1963- 2010. The research was justified since most researchers of the area paid little attention to the historical events, and never gave an account of precolonial land tenure systems and agricultural practices of Luo people, and that sugarcane was a colonial crop which impacted on Awendo development. The literature review used thematic approach organized around a topic and objectives. Modernization theory was used to explain the process of change by adopting new technologies. Study used descriptive research design, qualitative and quantitative data were organized in thematic and chronological approach by describing the phenomenon related to past events. The purposive and snowball sampling were considered. The questionnaire, archives, and observations were used. Chapter four contained the findings of the objectives of the study. Chapter five brought out the summary, conclusion and recommendations, and according to the objective one, it was concluded that Luo people in Kenya and Awendo in particular are securely attached to the land for both economic development and survival, being a unifying factor, acquired and maintained under customary law, which were patrilineal, traditional crops cultivated and animals reared fostered sharing through kisuma. In objective two, the study concluded that the colonial policies on land tenure and agricultural practices in Awendo had impacts, which included getting money to pay school fees, brought European crops and animals, such as, sugarcane that made the residents to take tea from sugar and introduced new agricultural inputs such as, fertilizers, hybrid seeds. The objective three concluded that the transformations in Awendo were as a result of colonial disruption of traditional land tenure, and agricultural practices. The study concluded that the new methods of farming such as intercropping and government support, extension services could improve agricultural production, and also the introduction of exotic crop, sugarcane was the major cause of reduced agricultural production for cash and food . The study recommended that through intensive involvement in fish production, poultry production, crop and animal production. Women and children are to take control in the land use and management, when the government initiate new policies, by ensuring control of land for the portions left for sugarcane production and food production in Awendo.
Patterns of utilisation of motorcycle taxis in rural Kenya: a study of rongo sub-county, migori county
(2020) Obudho, Samora Marchele
The utilisation of motorcycle taxis (MTs) as a public transport mode has increased significantly in many countries. Whereas this sharp rise has somewhat eased public transport challenges in rural Kenya, it appears to be fraught with challenges. This complex paradox has brought forth contestations and (re)negotiation of public opinion on Kenya’s public policies. Muted in this discourse isthe social actors’ role as an integral cog. Authorities must adopt a micro perspective by better understanding patterns of utilisation of MTs before formulating or implementing policies to avoid complications and redundancy in the existing public transportation structure. This study analyses patterns of utilisation of MTs in rural Kenya, focusing on the Rongo subcounty in Migori County. Specific objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence of utilisation of MTs; assess the social characteristics of MT users, and examine the drivers of MT use. Rational choice theory, which informed the conceptual framework, guided the study. This study took a mixed-methods approach, whereby both qualitative and quantitative data were used, employing a descriptive cross-sectional survey design complemented by observation and a desk review. The study sample size was 395 household heads drawn from a population of 29,087. The sample was selected through multi-stage and systematic sampling techniques. Data from main respondents were complemented by information from 10 key informants who were purposively selected. Data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. Data collection tools were subjected to validity and reliability tests before being applied. Quantitative data were presented in tables and bar charts after being analysed using descriptive statistics such as averages and percentages. Inferential statistics such as regression analysis were applied to measure the relationship between variables. Qualitative data were analysed thematically, presented as narratives. The study found that frequency of utilisation of MTs is high in the study area. Approximately two-thirds (68.8%) of respondents reported using MTs daily. Most MT trips were over short distances, with some respondents using MTs for non-essential travel over short distances that could be travelled on foot. The satisfaction level with MT was slightly above average, with approximately two-thirds (60.9%) of respondents either satisfied or very satisfied. Despite prevalence of use and satisfaction, most respondents raised safety concerns. Respondents aged 41-50 years (55.8%); those with post-secondary education (55.2%); those married (83.1%); those employed in public sector (55.1%); those earning less than Kshs. 10,000 monthly (68.6%) and those without cars (90.9%) were more likely to utilise MTs. However, there was no significant difference in MT utilisation about gender and motorcycles owned. Timesaving was the key driver for MT utilisation. The study concludes that prevalence of utilisation of MTs is high, even for non-essential short distance travel; some population segments utilise MTs more than their counterparts, and timesaving was the most crucial driver in the study area. It recommends strengthening MT sector safety regulations; sensitising MT users on its safety and health issues, focusing on population segments more likely to utilise MTs; and sensitising public and MT riders on time management.
An adoption framework for telemedicine care: a study of Nandi county, Kenya
(2020) Amdany, Sammy Sumukwo
Telemedicine is one of the technologies that use the knowledge of Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) to curb geographical barriers while increasing access to healthcare services. This study aimed at design an adoption framework for telemedicine care in Kenya. This study was done in health facilities in Nandi County. The specific objectives of the study were: To examine healthcare needs for telemedicine care in Nandi County -Kenya; to analyze the readiness use status for telemedicine care adoption and to design a suitable telemedicine care adoption framework. Though telemedicine care is in existence, the researcher felt that an adoption framework should be considered to guide in its implementation. This study was conducted using cross- sectional survey design in which study sample of 4 doctors, 59 nurses, 12 clinical officers, 1 pharmacist and 4 pharmaceutical technologists, making it a sample size of 80 from target population of 100 healthcare workers working at the County hospital, two sub county hospitals and 2 health centers. Structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Pretesting for the instruments was done to ascertain face and content validities. The data collected was analyzed using SPSS software version 20. Analyzed results were presented using table, pie-chart and bar graphs. From the findings it was evident that the most critical health care need in Nandi County is direct patient services (82.5 %) followed by special referral services and Tele-pharmacy which were rated at 77.5 % and 54.5 % respectively. While, the least critical healthcare need areas were medical education and mentoring (53.8%), Tele-nursing (51.3%), remote patient monitoring (45%), Tele-radiology 20%.In view of readiness for Tele-medicine, most of the respondents (46.3%) cited that other technologies started recently in Nandi County in solving healthcare problems. It was further noted that, 50% of the respondents observed that it takes up-to 10 minutes to attend to patients using telemedicine in the County Referral hospital as compared to 18.8% of the respondents who observe that it takes up-to 10 minutes to attend to patients without using telemedicine. These findings were used to design a Telemedicine framework to enhance improved service delivery. The framework designed has illustrated that direct patient services is popular with health workers interviewed at 82.5% and the least Teleradiology at 20%.The health workers can comfortably use telemedicine service. From the research findings; it was noted that stakeholder involvement, human resources capacity building and increased funding can play an important role during adoption. Lastly, the findings has clearly demonstrated that; direct patient services, specialist referral services, and Tele Pharmacy need to be considered for acceleration of telemedicine care.
A pragmatic analysis of impoliteness forms and strategies in Ekegusii arbitration discourse
(2021) Onyancha, Callen
Politeness is a pragmatic concept that assumes mutually cooperative behavior considerateness for others and polished behavior in verbal interactions. Politeness guards against harming the hearer and speaker’s self-esteem (face) during conversation. However, some speakers may intentionally attack the target’s face by being impolite. The purpose of this study was to analyze the linguistic impoliteness forms and strategies employed in Ekegusii arbitration discourse as a cause of discontentment with the verdicts reached during arbitration. The objectives of this study were to analyze the impoliteness forms and strategies that Ekegusii interlocutors employ during arbitration discourse, establish how social power and social distance between interlocutors determines the impolite choices they make and determine the role of pragmatic features in the impolite linguistic choices made by interlocutors. The study adopted a descriptive research design and was guided by The Theory of Impoliteness by Jonathan Culpeper. Data was collected through tape recording of actual arbitration conversations and semi-structured oral interviews. The study population constituted the 10 arbitration sessions held. The sample population constituted the actual words and utterances spoken during arbitration conversations. 62Utterances that communicated impoliteness were purposively sampled from the recorded data for analysis. The study was carried out in Bonchari Constituency in Kisii County in Kenya. Data was analyzed both qualitatively . The findings of this study revealed that most arbitrators attacked the face of those whose cases they arbitrated over. Impoliteness may lead to arbitration, The face attacks often led to discontentment with the verdicts rendered by the arbitrators. The findings of this study will contribute to research in pragmatics in the field of impoliteness and specifically in studying impoliteness in Ekegusii as one of the languages of the world consequently enriching research on etiquette and communicative competence. Findings of this study, if availed to arbitrators, may enlighten and even render them better users of language in arbitration.
The communicative adequacy of headlines from two online newspapers in Tanzania
(2021) Nasibu, Musa
The advent of internet has made it possible for people to read online newspapers rather than their print versions. It is expected that a newspaper headline should be optimised to meet the communicative expectations of its online readers. However, some newspaper headlines do not communicate adequately in the digital environment. This study sought to examine the communicative adequacy of headlines in twoonline newspapersin Tanzania. The objectives of this study were to: determine the communicative functions of newspaper headlines in the digital setting; examine the communicative principles ofnewspaper headline design in the digital setting; explain the clickbait features which online newspaper editorial teams use to design headlines for their digital publications and determine the online newspaper headline clickbait features with the significant impact on news selection and readership. This study was guided by the relevance Theory by Sperber and Wilson (1986/1995) that defined a newspaper headline as the relevance optimiser of its story. The research employed the mixed research method and analytical crossectional research design. The study involved the population of 10 online newspapers in Tanzania and 31,000 online newspaper readers. From the population, the study used the sample of 2 online newspapers and 100 online newspaper readers. The current enquiry usedthe computerized systematic random sampling to obtain a sample of 259 front page headlinesfrom 730 headlines that had been published by The Citizen and Mwananchionline newspapers from July 2017 to June 2018. The researcher used a guided questionnaire and a checklist in the course ofdata collection. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used to analyse the quantitative data whereas thematic analysis was used for qualitative data. In this study there were four major findings. First, the study revealed that 69.9% of the twoonline newspaperheadlines examined performed the primary communicative function by summarising the articles they represented. Secondly, it was revealed that the editors of the two newspapers under this study largely observed the principles of designing the appropriate newspaper headlines. Thirdly, it was revealed that the editorial teamsexploited the standard words length per headline with short headlines but they rarely exploited the clickbaits of question, negative sentimental words, and self-referencing. Lastly, it was revealed that headlines with negative and positive sentimental words, concepts and names of high news-value, and headlines without signal words had the significant impact on newspaper readership in the digital environment. However, readability, literal and non-literal constructions, and characters of headlines had no significant impact on newspaper readership. This study was significant to linguists,online journalists, bloggers, website designers and marketers as these fields deal with communication. The quantitative approach and analysis made it the first study to explicate the communicative adequacy of headlines from two online newspapers in Tanzania.The study recommended the online editorial teams of the two Tanzania newspapers to design their headlines by putting into consideration of the environment of their digital publications.From this study, it was concluded that The Citizen and Mwananchi newspaper headlines could not adequately communicate with their headlines because they were still observing the traditional functions and principles of printed newspapers in the digital environment.
Nafasi ya fani katika kufanikisha maudhui katika fasihi ya watoto
(2021) Ibrahim, Matin
Literature as an aspect of Kiswahili language has been subdivided into various genres. One of the genres is children’s literature. This genre is unique in terms of style, stylistic features and themes. Even though there are several research in this genre, there was evidence of a research done on styles and themes together. This is why this research aimed at investigating how authors of Kiswahili children’s literature have structured their works by employing various stylistic features to reveal children-targeted themes. In order to fulfill this, the following objectives guided the study: to classify various stylistic features used in children’s literary books; to discuss various themes in the selected books and finally, to evaluate how the various stylistic features used by the authors successfully convey themes in Kisasi Hapana by Ken Walibora, Nimefufuka by Rebecca Nandwa, Sitaki Iwe Siri by Bitugi Matundura and Wema wa Mwana by Nuhu Bakari. This research was guided by Structuralism Theory propounded by Ferdinand de Saussure (1916). Structuralism Theory explains the relationship that exists between one element and the other and how various parts make one complete element. Guided by this theory, literature was taken as a whole element made of several themes and stylistic features. At the second level, stylistic features is a complete element which consists of proverbs, tropes, imagery, pictures and symbolism. These stylistic features were identified and their role explained. Themes and sub themes on the other hand were also taken as a complete element. The relationship between stylistic features and themes in building literary work was investigated through data analysis. This was a library research that involved critical analysis of texts that were purposively sampled. Data was collected by in-depth reading of the texts in order to understand, identify and note down the various stylistic features and themes. The stylistic aspects that were identified were proverbs, tropes, imagery, pictures and symbolism. On the other hand, the themes that were identified were family, conviction, discipline, importance of a name, education, hard work, sickness, death and the place of women in the society. We eventually showed how the stylistic features identified help in building the said themes and the outcomes were presented qualitatively. This research will be useful in critiquing children’s literature, will be beneficial to writers of children’s literature by helping them see strengths and weaknesses of their works, teachers and learners can see themes and stylistic features analysed and curriculum experts can use information in this research in choosing books for children. All stake holders in children literature can be persuaded by this research to read the children books analysed in this research and research more on them. In so doing this research will help in improving children literature.
Determinants of contraceptives preference and use among people living with hiv and aids in rural areas: a study of Nyamarambe division, Kisii county, Kenya
(2021) Omollo, Chrispine
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that a majority of persons living with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus HIV) and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) are within the reproductive age of 25-49 years. This implies that their sexual and reproductive rights which have to be protected as enshrined in international and national legal instruments. One avenue through which persons living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHAs) can enjoy these rights is through the use of contraceptives. In recognition of this, governments, including that of Kenya, have made contraceptives available and accessible in most parts of the country. However, despite the obvious benefits, availability and accessibility, the uptake of contraceptives is still at only 69% in Kenya. This study therefore sought to investigate the determinants of contraceptives preference and use among PLWHAs in Nyamarambe Division, Kisii County Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to: examine the level of contraceptive knowledge and use; establish the most preferred contraceptive methods and explore the factors that influence the preference and use of contraceptives. The study was guided by the social cognitive and the protection motivation theories. It applied the mixed method approach through which both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analyzed using the descriptive survey design. The target population for this study group were 1,206 PLWHAs attending government health facilities for anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Out of these, a sample of 107 was selected through cluster, quota and systematic random sampling techniques. Data were collected using a questionnaire, focus group discussions (FGDs) and interviews, strictly observing all ethical considerations. The findings of this study indicate that 93% of the respondents were knowledgeable about contraceptive use as 77% knew the use and its importance. The study also found that the implant was the most commonly used contraceptive, with more than 29% preferring its use, as opposed to 19.3% who chose to use IUCD method and 18.2% who were inclined to condom method. The study further revealed that the prevalence in the use of the implant was largely influenced by healthcare workers whose percentage was at 48.9%, who tend to recommend the method over other methods. The study also established that some of the factors that influence contraceptive preference and use include adequate information pertaining its presence and its availability of a contraceptive in a health center or in a region. Interestingly, the study revealed that despite assurances by government about availability of contraceptives at health facilities, clients were limited in terms of choice, and that only implants, male condoms and IUCD were available at the facilities in the study area. This study recommends that the government through the ministry of education should incorporate family planning education in secondary schools as this would help them have knowledge and understanding of the use of various contraceptives while the ministry of health is also encouraged to provide numerous contraceptive methods and also train health workers on their importance in enhancing contraceptive use among PLWHA.

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