School of Arts and Social Sciences

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An adoption framework for telemedicine care: a study of Nandi county, Kenya
(2020) Amdany, Sammy Sumukwo
Telemedicine is one of the technologies that use the knowledge of Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) to curb geographical barriers while increasing access to healthcare services. This study aimed at design an adoption framework for telemedicine care in Kenya. This study was done in health facilities in Nandi County. The specific objectives of the study were: To examine healthcare needs for telemedicine care in Nandi County -Kenya; to analyze the readiness use status for telemedicine care adoption and to design a suitable telemedicine care adoption framework. Though telemedicine care is in existence, the researcher felt that an adoption framework should be considered to guide in its implementation. This study was conducted using cross- sectional survey design in which study sample of 4 doctors, 59 nurses, 12 clinical officers, 1 pharmacist and 4 pharmaceutical technologists, making it a sample size of 80 from target population of 100 healthcare workers working at the County hospital, two sub county hospitals and 2 health centers. Structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Pretesting for the instruments was done to ascertain face and content validities. The data collected was analyzed using SPSS software version 20. Analyzed results were presented using table, pie-chart and bar graphs. From the findings it was evident that the most critical health care need in Nandi County is direct patient services (82.5 %) followed by special referral services and Tele-pharmacy which were rated at 77.5 % and 54.5 % respectively. While, the least critical healthcare need areas were medical education and mentoring (53.8%), Tele-nursing (51.3%), remote patient monitoring (45%), Tele-radiology 20%.In view of readiness for Tele-medicine, most of the respondents (46.3%) cited that other technologies started recently in Nandi County in solving healthcare problems. It was further noted that, 50% of the respondents observed that it takes up-to 10 minutes to attend to patients using telemedicine in the County Referral hospital as compared to 18.8% of the respondents who observe that it takes up-to 10 minutes to attend to patients without using telemedicine. These findings were used to design a Telemedicine framework to enhance improved service delivery. The framework designed has illustrated that direct patient services is popular with health workers interviewed at 82.5% and the least Teleradiology at 20%.The health workers can comfortably use telemedicine service. From the research findings; it was noted that stakeholder involvement, human resources capacity building and increased funding can play an important role during adoption. Lastly, the findings has clearly demonstrated that; direct patient services, specialist referral services, and Tele Pharmacy need to be considered for acceleration of telemedicine care.
Bantu and Nilotic Children’s Singing Games: a Comparative Study of their Value Communication
(2009) Weche, Michael
This study is based on the premise that Luo and Luhya children’s singing games are creative works that subtly reflect the aesthetics of the two communities. The aim is to critically examine how the performance of the singing games and their texts reflect the aspirations, norms and values of the macro cultures of the two Nilotic and Bantu communities respectively. The sampled singing games include those done in the traditional setting, sung in vernacular and those that are taken from the urban or cosmopolitan settings. Our findings reveal that Luo and Luhya children’s singing games are a significant resource in communicating the values of the two communities. Luo and Luhya children imitate their physical and social environments and dramatize about the aesthetics of the communities. This dramatization reflects both traditional values and the new emerging values that have been necessitated by the introduction of western values, formal education, Christianity and others. In these singing games Luo and Luhya children are able to socialize, learn and also uphold the values of unity and respect for one another. The singing games are significant in the learning process and character development of the children involved in the performance. University of Cape Town vi Luo and Luhya children’s singing games play a significant role in socializing the children in their different societies. The socialization makes the child to be rooted in the aesthetics and aspirations of his/her society. Urban children’s singing games that are sung by Luhya and Luo children reflect the child’s creativity, improvisation and the ability to borrow from various sources. The singing games utilize various sources, including the electronic media, print media and also rhymes from other cultures. Children’s singing games are repertoires of a people’s aesthetics. Apart from directly teaching the participants cultural issues and requirements, the singing games are crucial to the articipants’ social and moral development. Luo and Luhya children’s singing games reflect the macro culture of the Luo and Luhya communities respectively and to a great extent the changing values in the Kenyan society. The study also gives some insights arising from the findings that can be of benefit to future researchers. There is need for researchers to focus on children’s singing games as creative works and discover their role in the social and moral development of the child and also find out how these creative works can be used in an educational set up.
The communicative adequacy of headlines from two online newspapers in Tanzania
(2021) Nasibu, Musa
The advent of internet has made it possible for people to read online newspapers rather than their print versions. It is expected that a newspaper headline should be optimised to meet the communicative expectations of its online readers. However, some newspaper headlines do not communicate adequately in the digital environment. This study sought to examine the communicative adequacy of headlines in twoonline newspapersin Tanzania. The objectives of this study were to: determine the communicative functions of newspaper headlines in the digital setting; examine the communicative principles ofnewspaper headline design in the digital setting; explain the clickbait features which online newspaper editorial teams use to design headlines for their digital publications and determine the online newspaper headline clickbait features with the significant impact on news selection and readership. This study was guided by the relevance Theory by Sperber and Wilson (1986/1995) that defined a newspaper headline as the relevance optimiser of its story. The research employed the mixed research method and analytical crossectional research design. The study involved the population of 10 online newspapers in Tanzania and 31,000 online newspaper readers. From the population, the study used the sample of 2 online newspapers and 100 online newspaper readers. The current enquiry usedthe computerized systematic random sampling to obtain a sample of 259 front page headlinesfrom 730 headlines that had been published by The Citizen and Mwananchionline newspapers from July 2017 to June 2018. The researcher used a guided questionnaire and a checklist in the course ofdata collection. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used to analyse the quantitative data whereas thematic analysis was used for qualitative data. In this study there were four major findings. First, the study revealed that 69.9% of the twoonline newspaperheadlines examined performed the primary communicative function by summarising the articles they represented. Secondly, it was revealed that the editors of the two newspapers under this study largely observed the principles of designing the appropriate newspaper headlines. Thirdly, it was revealed that the editorial teamsexploited the standard words length per headline with short headlines but they rarely exploited the clickbaits of question, negative sentimental words, and self-referencing. Lastly, it was revealed that headlines with negative and positive sentimental words, concepts and names of high news-value, and headlines without signal words had the significant impact on newspaper readership in the digital environment. However, readability, literal and non-literal constructions, and characters of headlines had no significant impact on newspaper readership. This study was significant to linguists,online journalists, bloggers, website designers and marketers as these fields deal with communication. The quantitative approach and analysis made it the first study to explicate the communicative adequacy of headlines from two online newspapers in Tanzania.The study recommended the online editorial teams of the two Tanzania newspapers to design their headlines by putting into consideration of the environment of their digital publications.From this study, it was concluded that The Citizen and Mwananchi newspaper headlines could not adequately communicate with their headlines because they were still observing the traditional functions and principles of printed newspapers in the digital environment.
Determinants of contraceptives preference and use among people living with hiv and aids in rural areas: a study of Nyamarambe division, Kisii county, Kenya
(2021) Omollo, Chrispine
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that a majority of persons living with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus HIV) and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) are within the reproductive age of 25-49 years. This implies that their sexual and reproductive rights which have to be protected as enshrined in international and national legal instruments. One avenue through which persons living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHAs) can enjoy these rights is through the use of contraceptives. In recognition of this, governments, including that of Kenya, have made contraceptives available and accessible in most parts of the country. However, despite the obvious benefits, availability and accessibility, the uptake of contraceptives is still at only 69% in Kenya. This study therefore sought to investigate the determinants of contraceptives preference and use among PLWHAs in Nyamarambe Division, Kisii County Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to: examine the level of contraceptive knowledge and use; establish the most preferred contraceptive methods and explore the factors that influence the preference and use of contraceptives. The study was guided by the social cognitive and the protection motivation theories. It applied the mixed method approach through which both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analyzed using the descriptive survey design. The target population for this study group were 1,206 PLWHAs attending government health facilities for anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Out of these, a sample of 107 was selected through cluster, quota and systematic random sampling techniques. Data were collected using a questionnaire, focus group discussions (FGDs) and interviews, strictly observing all ethical considerations. The findings of this study indicate that 93% of the respondents were knowledgeable about contraceptive use as 77% knew the use and its importance. The study also found that the implant was the most commonly used contraceptive, with more than 29% preferring its use, as opposed to 19.3% who chose to use IUCD method and 18.2% who were inclined to condom method. The study further revealed that the prevalence in the use of the implant was largely influenced by healthcare workers whose percentage was at 48.9%, who tend to recommend the method over other methods. The study also established that some of the factors that influence contraceptive preference and use include adequate information pertaining its presence and its availability of a contraceptive in a health center or in a region. Interestingly, the study revealed that despite assurances by government about availability of contraceptives at health facilities, clients were limited in terms of choice, and that only implants, male condoms and IUCD were available at the facilities in the study area. This study recommends that the government through the ministry of education should incorporate family planning education in secondary schools as this would help them have knowledge and understanding of the use of various contraceptives while the ministry of health is also encouraged to provide numerous contraceptive methods and also train health workers on their importance in enhancing contraceptive use among PLWHA.
Determinants of government consumption expenditure in Kenya
(2018) Majoge, Peter Odira
Government expenditure is a very instrumental demand tool in achieving economic stability and policy makers frequently use it to influence certain economic outcomes. Government expenditure majorly consists of two components: investment and consumption components. Many researchers concede that higher level of government consumption expenditure is growth retarding and therefore undesirable. The aim of the study was establish the economic, structural and political and institutional determinants of government consumption expenditure in Kenya. Government consumption expenditure in Kenya has grown relatively faster from Ksh 31.2732 billion in 1963 to Ksh 2107.2 billion in 2018. There is still scanty literature on this topic and yet consumption expenditure accounts for more than 55% of Kenya’s total public spending every year. Because Shonchoy (2010) panel analysis suffers from cross-sectional heterogeneity and fails to be informative about Kenya’s consumption spending, it became a motivation to examine the causes for the rise in Kenya’s government consumption expenditure. Studies done by Kanano (2006) explained the reasons behind growth in gross expenditure, while Maingi (2010) and Abwoga (2013) focused on the effects of public consumption expenditure on economic growth in Kenya. However, their studies did not attempt to explain the causes of its growth. Oketch, T. O. and Linge, T. (2018) examined the determinants of recurrent public expenditure in Kenya but, however, reduced their scope and narrowed on salaries/wages, social contribution and non-wage related variables such as rent & utilities, travelling expenses, hospitality and other consumables and that focus makes this study deviate from their study. In light of this arguement, this study followed quantitative and correlational studies design to establish the reasons for rise in consumption expenditure in Kenya and drawing from the public choice approach, three models were used:(i) Economic model; consisted of gross domestic product, foreign aid, inflation rate, foreign direct investment, interest rate, trade openness and external debt stock (ii) Structural model; consisted of urbanization rate, young population (below 15 years) and old population (above 64 years) (iii) Politico-institutional model; comprised of market liberalization, political liberty, political cohesion, corruption and elections. Published data obtained from World Bank, Country Data Portal (2018) were used. Following cointegration test results on the time series data for the period 1963-2017, VECM, VAR and OLS estimations techniques were adopted. The results were that in the long-run, while 1USD increase in GDP causes USD1.3 increase in government consumption expenditure, a unit increase in inflation rate would cause USD1.8 increase in consumption expenditure. However, 1USD increase in foreign direct investment and external debt stock causes, respectively, USD 0.07 and USD 2.6 drop in government consumption expenditure. Corruption, democracy and political instability have positive effects on government consumption expenditure in Kenya. Urbanization and population dynamics jointly affect the variable in the short-run. This study recommends that the government should strengthen its institutions that are mandated to deal with graft cases, create peaceful political setting at all times and ensure a friendly environment to foreign investors
The effect of tax compliance strategies expenditure on government tax revenue in Kenya
(2018) Nyakundi, James Barare
This study endeavored to establish the effects of tax compliance strategies expenditure on government tax revenue. The specific objectives of the study were to: establish the effect of tax payer education expenditure on tax revenue, determine the effect of improved tax payer services expenditure on tax revenue, and assess the effect of law enforcement expenditure on tax revenue as well as determine the effect of technology adoption expenditure on tax revenue. The study was pegged on three theories namely; the economic deterrence theory, fiscal exchange theory and the regulatory compliance theory. Revenue data between 1980 and 2015 was used in the study. Ordinary Least Squares technique (OLS) was employed to establish the long run relationship between expenditure on taxpayer education, tax payer services, expenditure on law enforcement and adoption of technology on government tax revenues. Breusch-pagan test was used to test for heteroscedasticity and multi-collinearity, Variance Inflation Factor method was used. The study tested for serial autocorrelation since the data was of time series nature. The Jarque-Bera test was also conducted to test normality for the error term. Impulse response and variance decomposition were used to test the relation between tax compliance strategies expenditure and tax revenue. Further, the relationship between variables was established through correlation analysis. The results of the study show that the expenditures by the tax authority on the use of technology, law enforcement and the tax payer education were statistically significant in explaining the variations in tax revenue. The relationship between the three expenditures and revenue is positive, which implies that as the tax authority increases its expenditure on law enforcement, technology or on tax payer education, it is expected that tax revenue will grow. Contrary to these findings is the fact that the expenditure of the tax authority on improved tax payer services is not significant in explaining the variations in tax revenue.
Effects of Community Awareness on Public Participation of Women in the Development Planning Processes in Awendo Sub County
(Public Policy and Administration Research, 2022-05-24) Okello, John O.; Odero, Omondi; Rono, Ambrose
Public participation is a principle that has been given prominence in the Constitution of Kenya (2010). Participation should imbue all public affairs and be promoted by both genders acting in public interest. The Constitution sets key requirements for the legislature at both levels of government to provide frameworks for public participation in governance processes. The emphasis for feminist participation underscores the fact that the election of representatives does not negate the need for people to continuously be involved in governance processes. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of community awareness on public participation of women in the development planning processes in Awendo Sub County. The target population of the study was from the four administrative wards of Awendo Sub County, twenty (20) Religious leaders and local opinion leaders from each of the four wards selected randomly and four (4) members of County Assembly from Awendo Sub County. The target population was 57,724 participants. Using Krejcie& Morgan table, the sample size was three hundred and eighty two (382) people. Stratified sampling technique was used to partition the sample frame. Proportionate sampling was used to get the actual sample of each stratum relative to the overall sample size. Simple random technique was used to select the specific size from the strata of the target population. Both quantitative and qualitative data was collected, using interview schedules for key informants and questionnaires respectively. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPPS) version 22. Qualitative data was transcribed and reported according to emergent themes and narratives while Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Data was presented by the use of tables.The study concluded that the level of public participation is highly dependent on level of public awareness and vice versa
Effects of informal alternative family care on children wellbeing in Migori county, Kenya
(2017) Onyango, Erick Ater
Informal alternative family care is found every society in the world taking various forms of dimensions. In Kenya, it is more prevalent when families fail to embrace alternative family care for adoption, guardianship and foster care. Kenya conforms to legal frameworks allowing utilization of both human and financial resources safeguarding children wellbeing. Despite legislative arrangements, documentation on alternative family care at the Department of Children Services reveals very low intake of adoption, foster care and guardianship in Migori County. The study sought to examine the effects of informal alternative family care on children wellbeing in Migori County. Specifically, the study determined knowledge of alternative family care, examined the nature of informal alternative family care arrangements, established determinants of informal alternative family care and examined challenges of this care arrangement in Migori County. The study was guided by the social theory of action systems by Talcott Parsons and theory of structuration by Antony Giddens premised on the fact that actions of individuals regulate social order. The study was conducted in Migori County, one of the 47 counties in Kenya. The study adopted descriptive and cross sectional survey design. The target population was households from the entire County and household was the unit of analysis with household heads constituting respondents in the survey. The county has a population of 917,170 people and 180,211 households. A sample of 399 respondents was selected using Glenn Israel’s formula from the entire number of households in the County. Further, 14 respondents were selected for focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Cluster, multistage, purposive and simple random sampling methods were used and both quantitative and qualitative data were collected from household survey, key informant interviews, focus group discussions and observation using questionnaires, interview guides, guiding questions and observation checklist. Cronbach’s coefficient alpha and content validity index were used to test instruments validity and reliability respectively. Quantitative data was analysed using inferential and descriptive statistics such as mean, chi-square and Karl Parson correlations statistics with the help of SPSS version 23. Content and framework techniques were used for analysis of qualitative data and emerging themes were identified and concepts generated. Research study revealed that, majority 56.2% of care givers was aware of the formal alternative care arrangements. Care givers were more acquainted with institutional care 37%, more than, guardianship 28%, adoption 19% and foster 15% arrangements. There was mixed reaction on these arrangements with the majority 58%, considering them best for child care while 11% noted they were complicated, 8% not practicable and 4% not important for taking care of children. Kinship support to child headed household was the most practiced 36.4% and 2.5% practiced familial informal care arrangement. Further, the study revealed determinants for informal alternative family care where 87% of care givers noted the influences of alternative family care arrangements on improving child wellbeing. Finally the study revealed that both care givers and children face challenges in alternative family care for children. The study contributes to the academic body of knowledge and provides the basis for policy formulation. The study concludes that informal alternative family care arrangements contribute to children wellbeing. The study recommends to the Ministry through the Department of children services to sensitize the public on best alternative care practices, formalize all alternative family care, provide universal social security and tailor a training program for care givers on positive parenting for children in informal alternative family care.
Factors associated with accidents involving commercial motorcycle operators in Migori town, Kenya
(2018) Owino, James Ochieng
Transport services offered by commercial motorcycle operators present a number of advantages to users. The advantages range from affordability to flexibility. Due to shortage of formal employment, many Kenyan youth have ventured into commercial motorcycle taxi business, but the sub sector is facing many challenges key to which is rampant cases of motor accidents. This study explored factors associated with accident involving commercial motorcycle operators in Migori town, Kenya. Specifically, this study sought to: - determine the association between rider formal training and accidents involving commercial motorcycle operators, determine the effect of rider alcohol use on accidents involving commercial motorcycle operators, determine the association between age of rider and accidents involving commercial motorcycle operators and, determine the association between rider compliance with traffic laws and accidents involving commercial motorcycle operators, in the study area. This study employed a descriptive survey design targeting all the commercial motorcycle operators registered with Migori town Motorists Sacco Limited. A simple random sampling technique was used to identify one hundred and ninety five (195) commercial motorcycle operators. In addition, purposive sampling was used to include five (5) key informants in the study. The study was guided with Human Factors Theory. Pretested structured questionnaire was administered to the sampled commercial motorcycle operators to collect quantitative data. Separately, in- depth interviews were conducted to the key informants to gather qualitative data. The quantitative data was coded, sorted and analyzed descriptively using SPSS software. Inferential statistics using Chi – Square and Binary Logistic Regression were used to test associations between independent and dependent variables. A probability value of p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Qualitative data was classified, summarized and analyzed using content analysis approach. The findings were presented in form of tables and narrative forms. Research findings revealed that rider formal training had significant association with motorcycle accident. The study also found that, rider alcohol use, age of rider and rider compliance with traffic laws did not have significant association with motorcycle accident in Migori town. Based on these findings, the study concluded that rider formal training is important in reducing commercial motorcycle related accidents. The study therefore recommended that potential riders should undergo formal training in driving schools as a way of reducing commercial motorcycle accidents. It is during formal training that other issues such as rider alcohol use during working hours and rider compliance with traffic laws, which are found to be insignificantly associated with motorcycle accident in this study, would be taught.
Factors associated with teenage pregnancy in riana division, ndhiwa sub-county, Kenya
(2019) Dede, Benard Nyateko
This study investigated factors associated with teenage pregnancy among the teenagers who are regular attendants of religious meetings in Riana Division of Ndhiwa sub-County, Kenya. Specifically, the study set to examine the prevalence of teenage pregnancy, establish premarital sex, level of contraceptive use and determined the effect of sex education on teenage pregnancy among regular religious worshippers in the study area. The study was based on the Psychosocial theory by Ausubel (1961) and employed Cross-sectional survey design. Data was collected using questionnaires and in-depth interview schedule from 303 girls randomly selected from the target population of 12,044. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics of frequencies, percentages, means and spearman correlation coefficient and inferential statistics of chi-square and results presented in frequency tables and figures. The study established that there is high prevalence of teenage pregnancy, premarital sex, low contraceptive use and low sex education all these thus contributing to teenage pregnancy .It was discovered that religious leaders and parents do very little in teaching responsible premarital sexual behaviors among the teenagers in Riana Division of Ndhiwa Sub County, Homa Bay County. It is concluded therefore from the finding that factors contributing to teenage pregnancy in Riana Division are premarital sex, low contraceptive use and lack of adequate sex education. The study recommends that the provision of religious and sex education to be strengthen and the teenagers be encouraged to use and be provided with contraceptives to help solve the problem of teenage pregnancy.
Female characters’ resistance to masculine stereotypes in Asenath Odaga’s selected novels
(2021) Sigera, Moses Okea
The study explores resistance to masculine stereotypes as depicted in Asenath Odaga’s selected novels with the idea that the female characters resist and reject the masculine stereotypes resulting from the deep-seated patriarchal organization of the African society. Stereotypes against women exist in literary texts and the society as well. The study exposes the masculine stereotypes that exist and therefore provides a platform for resistance against such stereotypes which have always frustrated women’s liberation owing to the presence of deep-seated patriarchal underpinnings. The specific objectives that guide the study are to: analyze the masculine stereotypes targeting female characters, examine literary style in female characters’ resistance to masculine stereotypes and investigate the thematic concerns in female characters’ resistance to masculine stereotypes. The research employs the theories of gynocriticism and radical feminism. Gynocriticism theory as fronted by Elaine Showalter was invented in 1979 and it seeks to establish a literary tradition of women without incorporating male authors. It advocates for setting an independent tradition for female writers that does not incorporate androcentric assumptions; in other words, setting as a rational methodology of dealing with the woman writer as a genius intellectual who produces textual meanings. Gynocriticism is therefore concerned with identifying topics and themes in literature written by women. Radical feminism as espoused by Ti Grace Atkinson was founded in the 1970s and it attributes women’s suffering to patriarchy. It calls for the total overhaul of patriarchy and oppression. The study is based on analytical research design. The study area is restricted to two novels written by Asenath Bole Odaga, Between the Years (1987) and Endless Road (1995) since they are against masculine stereotypes. The target population consists of the two novels purposively sampled from the six that the author has written as at the time of study. The sample size is determined by taking 30% of the six novels. The primary data is sourced from the two novels while secondary data is from library and online research. Data is analysed through close reading and textual analysis. Data is presented in continuous prose. The study is significant in bridging the gender gap that feminists are not trying to out- power men but are engaging in a quest for humane relations. The study of gender representation is an occasion to show the injustices meted against women and it demonstrates how women have been portrayed through gender stereotypes which eventually influence the treatment of women in the entire world and suggests a remedy for fairness. The study has established the presence of gender stereotypes against women, it has also shown how female characters circumvent the stereotypes by having an emboldened stance against male dominance and further the study has gone ahead to present how Asenath Odaga depicts women characters at the end, denoting the triumph of the female gender against the masculine stereotypes.
Impacts of Colonialism on Traditional Land Tenure Systems and agricultural practices in Awendo sub-county, Kenya, 1903-2010
(2020) Omondi, Mark
The study examined the impacts of colonialism on traditional land tenure systems and agricultural practices in Awendo Sub County, Kenya, between 1903 and 2010. The chapter one looked at the background to justification. The study had significance since, it will help readers to know how the traditional land tenure and agricultural practices impacted socially and economically, think of introduction of individual land tenure and cash oriented colonial crop, sugarcane as major impact of colonial activities in Awendo sub county, allow the government to find a better way of improving land tenure systems, and agricultural production. The three specific objectives were; to account for the precolonial Luo land tenure systems and agricultural practices in Awendo; to examine the colonial land use policies and agricultural practices in Awendo, 1903-1963; to evaluate the impact of the colonialism on the traditional land tenure systems and agricultural in Awendo, 1963- 2010. The research was justified since most researchers of the area paid little attention to the historical events, and never gave an account of precolonial land tenure systems and agricultural practices of Luo people, and that sugarcane was a colonial crop which impacted on Awendo development. The literature review used thematic approach organized around a topic and objectives. Modernization theory was used to explain the process of change by adopting new technologies. Study used descriptive research design, qualitative and quantitative data were organized in thematic and chronological approach by describing the phenomenon related to past events. The purposive and snowball sampling were considered. The questionnaire, archives, and observations were used. Chapter four contained the findings of the objectives of the study. Chapter five brought out the summary, conclusion and recommendations, and according to the objective one, it was concluded that Luo people in Kenya and Awendo in particular are securely attached to the land for both economic development and survival, being a unifying factor, acquired and maintained under customary law, which were patrilineal, traditional crops cultivated and animals reared fostered sharing through kisuma. In objective two, the study concluded that the colonial policies on land tenure and agricultural practices in Awendo had impacts, which included getting money to pay school fees, brought European crops and animals, such as, sugarcane that made the residents to take tea from sugar and introduced new agricultural inputs such as, fertilizers, hybrid seeds. The objective three concluded that the transformations in Awendo were as a result of colonial disruption of traditional land tenure, and agricultural practices. The study concluded that the new methods of farming such as intercropping and government support, extension services could improve agricultural production, and also the introduction of exotic crop, sugarcane was the major cause of reduced agricultural production for cash and food . The study recommended that through intensive involvement in fish production, poultry production, crop and animal production. Women and children are to take control in the land use and management, when the government initiate new policies, by ensuring control of land for the portions left for sugarcane production and food production in Awendo.
Influence of institutional culture on students’ involvement in arson at public boarding secondary schools in Kenya: the case of Migori county
(2022-11) K'odero, Jannes Okinyi
There has been a marked global increase in episodes of school unrest since 2002, characterized by violence and arson attacks. Most of which have resulted to massive destruction of school property and loss of lives. Despite implementation of policies, recommendations and laws such as Education Act, Children Act and Penal Code of 2019, arson still persists and claims lives and valuable property destroyed with latest cases evident in the year 2021 immediately after recovery from COVID-19. Previous studies have not focused much on institutional cultural in learning institutions as the possible causes of arson. The The purpose of the study was to assess the influence of institutional culture on students’ involvement in arson in public secondary schools in Migori County, Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to determine the extent to which the application of school rules and regulations contribute to students’ involvement in arson; to find out the influence of informal discussions on students involvement in arson; and to establish the effectiveness of institutional intervention strategies aimed at curbing arson in public boarding secondary schools in Migori County. The study was based on Strain theory of Robert J. Merton. Descriptive cross-sectional survey design was utilized, and a sample of 380 students of forms 3 and 4 drawn from 28 public boarding secondary schools which had experienced arson from 2017 to 2020. Key informant interviews was conducted to the purposively selected principals in 28 schools. The study used triangulation sampling techniques by applying simple random sampling to select students, FGDs were conducted in 12 schools with 12 participants per school. Data was collected using structured questionnaires designed for students and interview schedule guide for school principals and FGD guide for students. Inferential statistics was analysed using Pearson’s product moment correlation with the aid of SPSS Version 26.0 while descriptive statistics presented using percentages, mean and standards deviation. Qualitative data was analysed thematically as per the objectives. The result showed that application of school rules and regulations had a positive and moderate relationship (r= .447, p<.000) with students’ involvement in arson, informal discussions had a positive and moderate relationship (r= .477, p<.000) with students’ involvement in arson, the study further established that institutional intervention strategies like guidance and counselling, punishment and price giving had positive and moderate relationship (r=.498, p<.000) with curbing arson in schools. The study recommends that the Ministry of Education should outline the guideline on students’ involvement in formulation of school rules and regulations, MOE should formulate guidelines for regular meetings between schools administrations and students to discuss student’s issues. The MOE in collaboration with the TSC should also develop a framework for training guidance and counselling teachers on professional counselling skills.
Influence of positive sanctions on children’s social development: the case of Kuria east sub county, Migori county, Kenya
(2022) Odhiambo, Amolo Amos
Children’s social development is a worldwide concern because it is the foundation for lifelong learning in every aspect of a child's life. Negative sanction methods used to promote children’s social development are more pronounced than positive sanctions. This study sought to investigate the influence of positive sanctions on children’s social development in Kuria East Sub-County. Specific objectives of the study were to; assess the influence of reward on children’s social development, establish the influence of parenting styles on children’s social development and determine the effectiveness of resilience building on children’s social development. The study was guided by social action theory. It employed a cross-sectional survey design and mixed-methods approach. The sample size was 391 households, determined by the Taro Yamane formula, from a population of 17,363 households. Four key informants, comprising school head teachers, were purposefully selected. The study employed multistage cluster sampling, after which proportionate samples were allocated to each data collection site. Simple random sampling was used to select the main respondents. The study used a questionnaire for the main respondents and a key interview schedule for the key informants. The validity of the instruments was ascertained by the university supervisors and through training research assistants. Reliability was enhanced through computation of Cronbach alpha of internal consistency after a pilot study in Kuria West Sub-County. Quantitative data were analysed inferentially using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient while descriptive statistics were analysed descriptively using frequency counts, percentage, mean and standard deviation. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Quantitative data were presented using tables and charts while qualitative data were presented in themes based on the study objectives. The study revealed that rewards have moderate positive influence on children’s social development, with statistically significant (r=0.319, p<.000) relationship. Monetary reward had weak positive relationship with children’s social development, however, not statistically significant (r=.096, p>.05) whereas social approval had moderate positive (r=.439, p<.05) and statistically significant relationship with children’s social development. Parenting styles had moderate, positive (r=.416, p<.05) and statistical significant influence on children’s social development. Authoritative parenting had a strong positive and significant influence on children’s social development (r=.648, p< .000), authoritarian parenting had moderate and positive influence on children’s social development (r=.233, p<.000) while permissive parenting had weak negative influence on children’s social development (r=.233, p<.000). Resilience building had strong and positive significant relationship (r= .759, p< .000) with children’s social development. Resilience building administered by parents or household head had stronger positive and significant influence (r= .795, p< .000) on children’s social development than resilience building administered by peers, religious leaders and teachers (r= .664, p< .000). The study recommends to the Ministry of Education to put in place a policy on use of rewards in form of social approval to empower children and encourage children’s social development. The Directorate of Social development, culture, and sports to step up sensitization and trainings on positive parenting approaches with an emphasis on authoritative parenting style. The Ministry of Education to enforce use of resilience building approaches to achieve children’s social development in schools.
Influence of rehabilitation strategies on reintegration: an analysis of former street children in Kitale town, Trans-zoia county, Kenya
(2023) Makau Mwende, Maureen
The number of street children has been on the rise globally despite the interventions put in place by different organisations. Although Kitale town has many caregiving institutions and is located in an agricultural-rich neighbourhood, the number of street children has risen like in many other towns. This study sought to determine the influence of rehabilitation strategies on the reintegration of former street children in Trans Nzoia County. The study's specific objectives were to establish the rehabilitation approaches adopted by rehabilitation centres, examine the patterns of reintegration in relation to rehabilitation approaches of former street children, and investigate the challenges in the rehabilitation and reintegration process of former street children. The study was guided by relapse prevention theory which examines the practical adaptation of street children in a new environment. The literature was reviewed as per the study objectives. A descriptive survey design was used with a mixed method of data collection. The study targeted 734 former street children who had benefited from rehabilitation and reintegration programs in Kitale town and its environs. Multiple sampling techniques, specifically systematic simple random technique, were used to select respondents and purposive sampling to select caregiving organisations with rehabilitation and reintegration programs. Taro Yamane's formula was used to select a sample of 259 from both institutions. Questionnaires, focus group discussions, and interview schedules were used to obtain data from respondents and key informants. Quantitative data was analysed using SPSS Version 25, while qualitative data was analysed using emerging themes. Ethical issues of consent, confidentiality, anonymity, and freedom of participation were observed. The study established a positive relationship between rehabilitation strategies and reintegration in which most former street children are positively engaged and prefer to remain at home than return to the streets. The study concludes that Rehabilitation strategies impact the reintegration process, and thus they should be continuously evaluated and redesigned to improve their impact on reintegration. Lack of food and job opportunities emerged as the main challenges facing former street children at home. The study recommends more investments to uplift the parents' living standards and scholarships to support the school-going, reintegrated street children.
Investigating impediments to parental prevention of teenage pregnancies in Narok-north sub county, Narok County, Kenya
(2023) Midigo, Akuno Elon
Teenage pregnancy is detrimental to the wellbeing of the girl child because of its negative impact on health, social and educational outcomes. Parents may encounter challenges that prevent them from helping their girls in preventing pregnancies. This study therefore investigated impediments to parental prevention of teenage pregnancies in Narok-North Sub-County, Narok County, Kenya. The study assessed parental awareness on prevention of teenage pregnancies, determined Parenting strategy in prevention of teenage pregnancies, and examined parental socio-cultural status on prevention of teenage pregnancies. The study utilized Social Network Theory. Descriptive cross-sectional survey design directed the study. Target population of the research was 59,996 families in Narok-North Sub- County. Snowball sampling was applied to obtain a sample size of 165 biological parents from the target population. Simple random sampling was applied to get 10 main respondents who were teenage girls that had fallen pregnant. Data was collected using questionnaires and Interview schedules. Validity and reliability of the tools comprising parental awareness, Parenting strategy and parental socio-cultural status was ensured at a coefficient of .92, .81 and .85 respectively. Data was computed by the use of SPSS version 26.0 and transcripts from interviews were analyzed thematically from the data. On parental awareness on prevention of teenage pregnancies, parental awareness had moderate and positive influence on prevention of teenage pregnancy (at P-value<.05 Mean r = .52) the level of parental awareness on teenage pregnancy moderately and positively influenced prevention of teenage pregnancy. The study established that 48 (30.4%) parents agreed that giving Sexual and Reproductive Health Education to teenage girls reduces cases of teenage pregnancy. However, 44.8% of parents disagreed on taking responsibility for implementation of Sexual and Reproductive Health Education. On Parenting strategy on prevention of teenage pregnancy there was enough statistical evidence (at P value<.05 Mean r = .45) showing Parenting strategy had a low and positive influence on prevention of teenage pregnancy. On parental Socio-Cultural status, significant association and very strong positive correlation was seen between the parental socio – cultural status and prevention of teenage pregnancy (at P value <.05 Mean r = .54) showing that there was statistically significant pattern of influence of parental socio – cultural status on prevention of teenage pregnancy. 82.6% of respondents endorsed that Cultural norms may encourage early marriages. The Study recommends that The Directorate of Children’s Services to provide age appropriate materials that guide parents on how to implement Home Based Sexual and Reproductive Health Education. The Study recommends to the Directorate of Children’s services to upscale forums in Narok North Sub County where parents and teens communicate candidly on sexuality by having them as after school programs in line with the National Plan of Action for Children framework (2008-2012). The Study recommends to the Ministry of Health to set up implementation of the National Plan of Action on Adolescents and Teenage Pregnancy of 2019 aimed at intensifying community workshops that create awareness among parents on cultural norms that predispose teenage girls to pregnancies.
Livestock improvement and pastoralists livelihood outcomes: a study of Sahiwal cattle adoption among Isiria Maasai of Narok county, Kenya
(2022) Saranta, Moses Kipainoi
Although pastoralism enables up to 500 million people worldwide to realise their livelihood outcomes, its production has been affected by climatic and socio-economic changes. The changes necessitated adopting alternative livelihood activities undertaken by pastoralists or promoted by government and non-governmental organizations. This study was about one such intervention - introducing Sahiwal cattle. It reviewed the literature on the effects of adopting improved livestock breeds on income, food security, and social capital among pastoralists. It sought to investigate the association between adopting Sahiwal cattle and the livelihood outcomes of household incomes, food security, and social capital through a cross-sectional social survey that mixed qualitative and quantitative approaches. The study targeted pastoral communities, and it surveyed the Isiria Maasai of Narok County with the household and household head as its sampling unit and unit of analysis, respectively. The sample size was 400 households selected using multi-stage proportional random sampling. Key informants were purposely selected. The study collected primary data from households using a questionnaire and an observation checklist, while an FGD guide facilitated data collection from the focus groups. Data from key informants was collected using a key informant interview guide. The study utilised IBM-SPSS version 28 to analyse data and summarised results into frequencies, percentages, mean, and mode displayed in tables, bar graphs and histograms. The study relied on Spearman Correlation Coefficient to test the association between the independent and dependent variables. The study tested its hypotheses using the P-value approach at the 0.05 level of significance. Qualitative handwritten data was typed into a word document and read several times to discern recurring categories, opinions, and themes. More than two-fifths of the households had adopted Sahiwal cattle for between 3 and 6 years. More than half of the adopters were middle-aged (35 and 64 years). Respondents obtained income from cattle mainly through milk, live animals and breeding stock. There was a positive weak significant association between the adoption of Sahiwal cattle and household income (rs = .254) and social capital (rs = .177). The association between adopting Sahiwal cattle and food security was negative, weak (rs = -160) and significant. The study concludes that adopting Sahiwal cattle is positively associated with household income and social capital but negatively associated with food security. Hence, cattle production among Isiria Maasai is not only for income generation and source of food but also a cultural practice with social utility. Therefore, The Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation should formulate an implementation guideline that promotes a package of interventions rather than one intervention to increase household income successfully. The County Government of Narok should develop a policy spelling out procedures for providing incentives to encourage livelihood diversification to complement the adoption of Sahiwal cattle as a household food security intervention. KALRO, through the County Government of Narok, should develop a practical guideline for the rotational use of pedigree Sahiwal bulls by pastoral households to upgrade their cattle which will enhance household social capital dimensions.
Mielekeo ya wanafunzi kuhusu ufundishaji wa stadi za mawasiliano kwa kiswahili katika taasisi za kiufundi za kitaifa nchini Kenya
(2019) Kavoi, Jackson Mutuku
Attitudes are feelings which people have towards something or a certain object and they are crucial in influencing an individual‘s response. Attitudes as well,activates peoples‘ inner perceptions towards certain objects, situations or subjects, for example, teaching of Communication Skills in Kiswahili in national polytechnics. Basically, any pronouncement on language policy, especially in the education system, should consider the attitudes of those who may be affected. Therefore, it is out of this realizationthat an analysis of students‘ attitudes towards the use of Kiswahili in teaching Communication Skills in national polytechnics is of utmost importance. The first objective of this study was to analyse attitudes of students taking science courses as well as those students taking Arts courses towards teaching of Communication Skills in Kiswahili in Kenyan national polytechnics. The second objective was to find out lecturers‘, education officers‘ and curriculum developers‘ views on the importance of teaching Communication Skills in Kiswahili in national polytechnics. Lastly, this study sought to examine the students‘ views on the importance of Kiswahili in technical education. This study was guided by the Theory of Reasoned Action and Functionalism.A descriptive survey design was used to guide the study. 5 institutions and a sample of 148 respondents was used, drawn from a population of 991 students. Balian‘s (1988) formula was used to select the sample size. Others were 20 lecturers from the 5 national polytechnics, one official from the Ministry of Higher Education Science and Technology (MOHEST) and another from Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development (KICD). Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and content analysis tools were used to analyse data. The results indicated that 2.82% of the 142 respondents, depicted negative attitude, while 97.18% were mostly positive about being taught Communication Skills in Kiswahili. Students pursuing arts-related courses posted low positive attitudes compared to those pursuing science courses. Likewise, the diploma students posted low positive attitudes compared to the certificate students. On the other hand, gender influenced attitudes towards the use of Kiswahili in teaching communications skills. Female students posted higher positive attitudes compared to their counter parts. The education stakeholders with an exception of the MOHEST official, felt there was a need to use Kiswahilialongside English in teaching of communication skills. Moreso, they were of the opinion that certificate students may be used as front runners in the teaching of the subject. Although English is the official language and a medium of instruction, Kiswahili language has very important roles to play in technical institutions. Some of these roles include day to day communication among the students, clarification of concepts in class especially to the certificate students, guidance and counseling, communication between the students and the support staff, sevice deliverly, academic discussions during preparation forinternal and externalexaminations among other roles. The findings of this study will benefit graduates and the receipients of their services by making communication simple, concise and clear. MOHEST and KICD may find it necessary to review their policy towards teaching of communication skills in technical institutes.
Morphosyntactic study of Dholuo verb phrase
(2023) Onyango, George Otieno
The study explores the morphosyntactic structure of Dholuo verb phrase. Dholuo is a Nilo Saharan language spoken in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and South Sudan. Tense and agreement in pro-drop in the Dholuo verb phrase has not been fully studied. The purpose of the study was to analyze the agreement in pro-drop in Dholuo verb phrase. The objectives of the study were to: identify the constituents of the Dholuo verb phrase; describe the morphological elements of the Dholuo verb phrase; and explain features of agreement in the Dholuo verb phrase. Principles and Parameters Theory (Chomsky, 1982) was used to guide this study. This study used a qualitative approach where descriptive research design was employed to study and account for the validity of Principles and Parameters to analyse Dholuo verb phrase. Data were generated by both the researcher, himself being a native speaker of Dholuo, and semi-structured interview from twenty adult Dholuo native speakers in Nyan‟giela village, Rachuonyo South Sub-county in Homa Bay County. Non– probability sampling was used because the research was interested in the representativeness of the concept in their varying forms that maximized the scope or range of variation of study. Convenience and Purposive sampling techniques of non-probability sampling were interchangeably used to reduce bias of using one method. The data was thematically studied according to the number, tense, aspect, negation and person. Syntactic analysis was done in line with the tenets of Principles and Parameters Theory. After studying and analysing the data, it was revealed that Dholuo verb phrase has a linear arrangement with a lot of elements such as verb, preposition, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs and nouns. Morphological elements of Dholuo verb phrase are pronouns, prefixes, suffixes, negators and adverbials. It has both free and bound morphemes. Dholuo is a tonal language that marks agreement with tone, prefixes and suffixes. A pronoun is the main agreement marker of Dholuo verb phrase. The study concluded that Dholuo is a pro-drop language that marks agreement by affixation. Dholuo marks all agreements except gender. Pro-drop and affixations are recommended for possible related future studies
Nafasi ya fani katika kufanikisha maudhui katika fasihi ya watoto
(2021) Ibrahim, Matin
Literature as an aspect of Kiswahili language has been subdivided into various genres. One of the genres is children’s literature. This genre is unique in terms of style, stylistic features and themes. Even though there are several research in this genre, there was evidence of a research done on styles and themes together. This is why this research aimed at investigating how authors of Kiswahili children’s literature have structured their works by employing various stylistic features to reveal children-targeted themes. In order to fulfill this, the following objectives guided the study: to classify various stylistic features used in children’s literary books; to discuss various themes in the selected books and finally, to evaluate how the various stylistic features used by the authors successfully convey themes in Kisasi Hapana by Ken Walibora, Nimefufuka by Rebecca Nandwa, Sitaki Iwe Siri by Bitugi Matundura and Wema wa Mwana by Nuhu Bakari. This research was guided by Structuralism Theory propounded by Ferdinand de Saussure (1916). Structuralism Theory explains the relationship that exists between one element and the other and how various parts make one complete element. Guided by this theory, literature was taken as a whole element made of several themes and stylistic features. At the second level, stylistic features is a complete element which consists of proverbs, tropes, imagery, pictures and symbolism. These stylistic features were identified and their role explained. Themes and sub themes on the other hand were also taken as a complete element. The relationship between stylistic features and themes in building literary work was investigated through data analysis. This was a library research that involved critical analysis of texts that were purposively sampled. Data was collected by in-depth reading of the texts in order to understand, identify and note down the various stylistic features and themes. The stylistic aspects that were identified were proverbs, tropes, imagery, pictures and symbolism. On the other hand, the themes that were identified were family, conviction, discipline, importance of a name, education, hard work, sickness, death and the place of women in the society. We eventually showed how the stylistic features identified help in building the said themes and the outcomes were presented qualitatively. This research will be useful in critiquing children’s literature, will be beneficial to writers of children’s literature by helping them see strengths and weaknesses of their works, teachers and learners can see themes and stylistic features analysed and curriculum experts can use information in this research in choosing books for children. All stake holders in children literature can be persuaded by this research to read the children books analysed in this research and research more on them. In so doing this research will help in improving children literature.

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