School of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environmental Studies
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Item Effect of waste dump site on ground water quality in Huruma estate, Eldoret, Kenya(International Research Journal of Rongo University (IJORU), 2023-12-31) Olal, Francis OngachiWater pollution has been associated with open waste dumping across the globe. This study work gives the effect of open waste dump on groundwater quality at Huruma, Eldoret Town, Kenya. Ground water and leachate samples from the open waste dump site were collected and analyzed in the laboratory for physical and chemical characteristics. All the parameters were determined based on the American Standard Methods for Examination of water and wastewater. From the results obtained, it was found that the mean values of TDS, DO, SO4+, pH, COD and BOD are 17.73 mg/L, 5.94 mg/L, 0.05 mg/L, 6.54, 13.62 mg/L, and 6.07 mg/L respectively. For leachate samples, mean values for TDS, SO4+, pH, COD and BOD are 89.25 mg/L, 0.36 mg/L, 7.63, 24.56 mg/L, and 13.83 mg/L respectively. Most of the parameters fall within WHO drinking water standards (except pH, COD and BOD). Open waste handling, controlling and monitoring techniques must gear towards achieving quality environmental condition for many to live in. This will go a long way to protecting natural resources such as water that are degraded by these open wastes.Item Bioaccumulation of Toxic Heavy Metals in Tilapia Fish Species Oreochromis niloticus in River Riana Kisii County Kenya(International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Science, 2024) Momanyi, T. M; Nyamai, D.O; Olal, O. F; Wanjara, A.O; Mogesa, B.AAquatic pollution with toxic heavy metals is currently a global threat to the survival of humanity. These metals may be bioaccumulated and biomagnified in aquatic food chains and food webs and eventually become toxic to human beings via consumption of aquatic resources such as fish. This study was carried out on the biological analysis of heavy metals in Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus from the Riana River. The fish samples were collected monthly using plastic nets from three sampling sites in the River. The fish samples were dissected in the laboratory using plastic knives to obtain gills and intestines. The fish organs were digested for heavy metal analysis using HNO3 according to the method used by Meche et al (2010). Toxic heavy metal analysis was done using the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES-Shimadzu ICPE 9000). The data collected was analyzed using t-tests and one-way ANOVA where significant differences were accepted at p<0.05. Turkey’s HSD post hoc tests were used to separate means where ANOVA exposed significant differences. The average metal levels in gills and intestines in dry weight (mg/kg). The toxic metal levels in tilapia fish gills: Pb (.256±0.135), Ni (.279±0.143), Cr (.255±0.131), Mn (1.211±0.986), for Cu (1.265±0.723) and Zn (2.051±0.868). Equally, the levels in the tilapia intestines were: Pb (.235±0.089), Ni (.162±.058), Cr (.250±.102), Mn (.172±0.138), Cu (.343±0.142) and Zn (.395±0.175). The heavy metals in tilapia fish under study met the recommended WHO/FAO threshold limits except for Cr. The elevated Cr level was attributed to industrial pollution and agricultural application of Cr containing chemicals. Enhanced ecosystem management approaches were recommended for sustainable biodiversity conservation and protection of human health.Item Molecular characterization of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) germplasm in Kenya(Kosmos Publishers, 2024-09-24) Nyamwamu Nyarang’o Charles; Pascaline Jeruto; Elizabeth Njenga; Emmy Chepkoech; Anne A. Owiti; Arama Peter Futi; Mulwa Richard MwanzaGlobally, as a staple food crop, cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) provides millions of people with a substantial amount of carbohydrates. Selection of the appropriate parental forms for breeding programs is the most crucial decision made by plant breeders in order to maximize genetic variability and produce superior recombinant varieties. However, insufficient genetic diversity and population structure data regarding Kenyan cassava accessions hinder the appropriate breeding parent selection process. Thus, this study sought to determine the genetic diversity and population structure among 40 sampled cassava accessions grown in Kenya by use of start-codontargeted (SCoT) molecular markers. The study utilized 15 SCoT molecular markers. A total of 119 fragments were amplified, of which 89.9% were polymorphic with an average of 7.13 polymorphic fragments per primer. The polymorphic information content (PIC) value and primer resolving power (Rp) of 0.35 and 3.44 respectively, revealed a moderate genetic diversity among the accessions. A dendrogram based on the unweighted pair group method of arithmetic means (UPGMA) grouped the 40 cassava accessions into two clusters at 0.35 genetic similarity coefficients. Bayesian structural analysis identified two subpopulations as well as a few admixed accessions. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed a variance of 84% within the subpopulations and 14% among the subpopulations. The moderate level of genetic variation in the cassava accessions that SCoT molecular markers were able to successfully identify, can serve as a tool for expanding the genetic base in cassava breeding initiatives. Cassava breeding and variety development may benefit from the selection and hybridization of parental lines from the various clusters and subclusters that have been established.Item Screening of Selected Sorghum Genotypes for Resistance to Covered Kernel Smut Disease in Western Kenya(Canadian Center of Science and Education, 2021-06-15) Okongo, Caroline; Ouma, Evans; Gudu, SamuelSorghum is an important food security crop for arid and semi-arid tropics but its production is hampered by many biotic and abiotic factors including covered kernel smut disease (CKSD) caused by fungus Sporosorium sorghi in the Ustilaginaceae family. The disease attacks susceptible sorghum genotypes causing yield losses estimated at 43% in Western Kenya. This study determined the response of selected sorghum genotypes to CKSD under field and greenhouse conditions. A total of 15 elite sorghum genotypes were screened under field conditions in Migori and Homa Bay sites and under greenhouse at the University of Eldoret. Data on disease incidence and severity were collected per genotype and analyzed using R-Studio software and means were separated at 1% using Tukey’s test. Results showed significant differences among genotypes for disease incidence and severity under fields and greenhouse conditions. Disease incidence varied significantly (p < 0.001) among the genotypes ranging from zero (for T53, T30, IS3092, N4 and N68) to 64% (for Nyadundo2) under field conditions but ranged from 0-69% under greenhouse conditions. Similarly, severity followed the same trend with C26 having the worst attack with a score of 5 while T53 recorded the least (score of 1). This study has identified potential sources of resistance for covered kernel smut disease that can be utilized to manage the disease and significantly improve sorghum yields in the target regions.Item Assessment of Length-Weight Relationship and Condition Factor of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Cage and Open Waters in Winam Gulf of L. Victoria, Kenya(International Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources, 2019-11-08) Ngodhe, Steve Omari; Owuor, JB OkeyoThe study aimed at investigating the difference in relationship between the Length and Weight together with the Fulton’s condition factor of O. niloticus within the open waters (wild) and cages of the winam gulf of L.Victoria, Kenya. This relationship and the condition factor ‘K’ were determined by taking the total length and weight of fish samples both from the cage and the open waters. The slope “b” of the regression analysis in both habitats revealed a positive allometric growth (3.16 and 3.09) for wild and cage respectively while the value of condition factor (K) for O. niloticus in wild and cage were found to be 1.44±0.1 and 1.38±0.15 respectively. Though O. niloticus performed well both in the wild and cage, there was a significant statistical difference in their health and general wellbeing. This was attributed to ecological differences between the two habitats. The assessment also showed that the culture of this Nile tilapia species in cages within winam gulf of L. Victoria can be economically sustainable if water quality parameters are properly monitored and point and non-point sources of pollution controlled.Item Environmental implications of water as a natural resource based business: The case of non-revenue water in Kisumu City, Kenya(International Journal of Vocational and Technical Education, 2022-12) Onyango, Teresa Aoko; Nyamai, Daniel Odinde; Okeyo, -OwuorMost water utilities lose significant amounts of water in their distribution systems due to leakages, illegal consumption or accounting errors. These water losses are referred to as Non-Revenue Water (NWR) by the International Water Association. Efforts to reduce water loss levels are centered on the socioeconomic aspect (efficient water provision and profit maximization) while overlooking the environmental aspects because the effects are subtle; hence it is difficult to quantify or ascertain. This study examined the effects of non-revenue water on water quality, quantity and the general environment through purposive sampling of Key informants, Focus Group Discussion and desk review methods. The findings indicated a significant positive correlation between physical water losses and water quality parameters (p-value <0.05, rho=0.872); commercial losses had a moderate but positive correlation at P < 0.05, rho=0.432. Further results revealed that from May through October 2019, Kisumu Water and Sewerage Company lost approximately 158,500 cm3 equivalent to 31.17% water loss. Water loss was found to also affect environmental components such as land and soil leading to pollution and degradation. The study recommends the need for bridging the gap between the existing water resources management strategies and their implementation through further studies, capacity building and technological advancements.Item Nutrient composition of Sorghum-Based Rations and their effect on growth of Improved Indigenous Chicken in Western Kenya(East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology, 2024) Kiptui, Brenda Jemutai; Mewa, Eunice Akello; Rachuonyo, Harold Anindo; Were, Beatrice Ang’iyo; Gudu, SamuelImproved indigenous chicken contribute to the nutrition of farmers in rural communities. The use of maize as an energy source in chicken diets is becoming unacceptable due to competition from humans, resulting in high feed costs. Alternative energy sources like low-tannin sorghum can be grown in Western Kenya. The objective of the study was to determine the nutrient composition of sorghum-based diets and the growth of improved indigenous chicken in Busia and Siaya Counties. Dietary treatments consisted of 50% (T1), 75% (T2) sorghum inclusion, and control (commercial diet) (T3). Farmers on semi- intensive were provided dietary treatments, and free-range (T4) was not provided. Feed samples were subjected to laboratory analysis for proximate composition, amino acids, and tannin content. Growth characteristics were collected biweekly. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, and then means that differed significantly were separated using Tukey’s test in Genstat 14th edition. For proximate composition, dry matter was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T2 (91.9%) and T3 (92.1%) compared to T1 (91.4%). Crude fat was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T2 (9.54%) than in T1 (6.84%) and T3 (6.57%). The crude fibre was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T3 (14.3%) compared to T1 (3.37%) and T2 (3.62%). Crude protein was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T2 (15.8%) and T1 (15.2%) compared to T3 (12.6%). Metabolizable energy was significantly (p<0.05) lower in T3 (2723 Kcal/Kg) compared to T1 (3569 Kcal/Kg) and T2 (3684 Kcal/Kg). Amino acids (lysine, methionine, cysteine, and tryptophan) content in diets T2 and T3 were significantly (p<0.05) higher than T1. The tannin content of the sorghum variety C26 was 1.24%. T1 had a significantly high (p<0.05) mean final weight (970 g), body weight gain (804 g), daily weight gain (14.4 g), and feed conversion ratio (5.57). Mortality was highest at T4 (17.1%). It was concluded that the inclusion of 50% low tannin sorghum meets chicken feed nutritional requirements and is best for growth performance. The study recommended that farmers rearing chicken should plant low tannin sorghum to be utilized as feed ingredient to cut the cost of production.Item Effects of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Weed Diversity and Population in Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Farms in Migori County(Journal of Crops, Livestock and Pests Management, 2023-10-11) Nyantika, Martha M.; Sudoi, Vincent; Okeyo-, Owuor J.B; Kisinyo, PeterTobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a significant cash crop in Migori County, Kenya, and plays a vital role in the local economy. However, the cultivation of tobacco is not without its challenges, one of which is weed infestation. Weeds in tobacco farms can compete with the crop for essential resources, such as water, nutrients, and sunlight, leading to reduced crop yields and quality. Effective weed management is crucial to maintain the productivity and profitability of tobacco farming in the region. Therefore, the study objective was to analyze the effects of inorganic fertilizer (DAP fertilizer) and organic manure on population density of weed species, as well as the species diversity of the weed population under tobacco crop. A study was conducted in Migori county, employing a randomized complete block design, with four locations (Masaba, Mabera, Kakrao, and Bondo) and three different treatments, each of which was replicated three times. These treatments comprise of various types of fertilizers, including inorganic and organic variants, along with a control group receiving no fertilizer. The study's primary focus was on assessing weed population, leaf yield, and alterations in soil physico-chemical properties. During the second weeding phase, Malva verticilate was counted, with a mean value of 10.42, in both Mabera and Masaba. However, no instances of Malva verticilate were recorded in the other two sites. Sida alba acuta and Richardia brasilium R. brasiliens were counted in all four locations, with mean values of 6.22 and 28.21, respectively. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using the General Linear Model (GLM) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) within the GENSTAT 12, 2012 statistical software package. To determine significant differences, means were separated using Tukey's test at a 5% level of significance. Results of the study showed that the dominant weed flora among monocot weeds were Eleusine indica L., Cynodon dactylon L., Digitaria sanguinialis L. and Chloris barbata L. Among dicot weeds, Phyllanthus niruri L., Amaranthus viridis L., Euphorbia hirta L., Heliotropium indicum L., Gynandropsis pentaphylla L., Launaea nudicaulis L. and Oldenlandia umbellata L. were found as major weeds. Cyperus rotundus L. was the only sedge found associated with tobacco crop across the four sites. This was common under inorganic fertilizer treatments, indicating that TF treatment suppressed growth and development of sedges. Results indicate that weed distribution and population under inorganic and organic fertilizer is related not only to the soil nutrient and physical content, but also to competition from the crop for water and light. Therefore, it is recommended to consider a combination of inorganic fertilizer and organic manures to optimize weed control and soil health in tobacco farmingItem Impacts of Rice Production on Nyando Wetlands Ecosystem in Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya(African Journal of Education, Science and Technology, 2023-04) Adunde, Phoebe Akoth; Owuor, Okeyo J. B; Olal, FrancisWetlands are important resources that provide the community with many inter-related environmental functions and socio-economic benefits, which support a variety of livelihood strategies. In Kenya, wetlands are often utilized for rice production due to their favorable hydrological conditions and nutrient-rich soils. The unique climatic and geographical characteristics of the Nyando wetland in the Lake Victoria basin, coupled with the availability of water resources, make it suitable for rice cultivation. As rice cultivation intensifies in the region to meet rising food demand and economic opportunities in the country, Nyando Wetland has been extensively exploited, disrupting the ecological balance of the wetland ecosystem and negatively impacting biodiversity and livelihood of riparian communities. Therefore, this study evaluated the impacts of rice production on Nyando Wetlands Ecosystem in Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya. The study was based on the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principle. This study adopted mixed research design which integrated both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. This study target population were 80,509 households using wetland resources and rice farmers in South West Kano Irrigation Schemes which neighbours Nyando wetlands Kabonyo Ward in Nyando sub-county, Kisumu County, Kenya. The sample size of 213 was derived using Krejcie & Morgan (1970) formula. Data was collected using structured questionnaires, interview with key informants, Focus Group Discussion, observation and photography. Cronbach's alpha was used to determine reliability of the research instruments and this study alpha value of 0.84 was regarded as being indicative of good reliability. The quantitative data was subjected to descriptive statistics and presented in the form of tables, pie-charts and graphs. Pearson correlation analysis was performed in SPSS version 20 to understand the relationship between rice production and the impact on ecosystem. Qualitative data from the interview guide and household questionnaire was analyzed through content analysis. Nyando wetland has experienced a significant reduction in size (91%) as farmers encroach into the wetlands to cultivate rice crops. Peaerson correlation between rice production and biodiversity, negative relationships were observed between the increase in rice crop production and the reduction of fish abundance (r = - 0.481, p = 0.001), decrease in wetland size (r = -0.984, p = 0.000), and water quality (r = -0.323, p = 0.001). However, a positive relationship was observed between rice production and the increase in bird populations (r = 0.223, p = 0.003), while a weak positive relationship was found between rice production and the increase in floods (r = 0.018, p = 0.002). The study recommends that there is need for relevant actors such as NEMA, MOA and County Government of Kisumu to empower local communities through sensitization, awareness creation and trainings on importance of conserving wetlands and ensure implementation of sustainable intensification of rice production to achieve food security with minimal disturbance of the wetlands.Item Environmental implications of water as a natural resource based business: The case of non-revenue water in Kisumu City, Kenya(International Journal of Vocational and Technical Education, 2022-08-31) Onyango, Teresa Aoko; Nyamai, Daniel Odinde; Owuor, J. B. OkeyoMost water utilities lose significant amounts of water in their distribution systems due to leakages, illegal consumption or accounting errors. These water losses are referred to as Non-Revenue Water (NWR) by the International Water Association. Efforts to reduce water loss levels are centered on the socioeconomic aspect (efficient water provision and profit maximization) while overlooking the environmental aspects because the effects are subtle; hence it is difficult to quantify or ascertain. This study examined the effects of non-revenue water on water quality, quantity and the general environment through purposive sampling of Key informants, Focus Group Discussion and desk review methods. The findings indicated a significant positive correlation between physical water losses and water quality parameters (p-value <0.05, rho=0.872); commercial losses had a moderate but positive correlation at P < 0.05, rho=0.432. Further results revealed that from May through October 2019, Kisumu Water and Sewerage Company lost approximately 158,500 cm equivalent to 31.17% water loss. Water loss was found to also affect environmental components such as land and soil leading to pollution and degradation. The study recommends the need for bridging the gap between the existing water resources management strategies and their implementation through further studies, capacity building and technological advancements.Item Efficacy Assessment of Inhibitory Fungal Concoctions Against Mycotoxin Fungi Affecting Maize Grain Quality in Western Kenya(Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 2023-03-31) Mwatabu, M. Edward; Omondi, Were J.; Chemulanga, Chiveu J.; Ouma, Ochieng E.Limited biological control products exist for use against mycotoxins in maize fields of Kenya’s smallholders. In response, this study aimed to assess the capacity of four fungal isolates to suppress the proliferation of mycotoxin fungi and disruption of fungal diversity in field conditions. Field assessments were done in Kibos and Sega sites of Western Kenya during the long and short rain seasons of 2020 while post-harvest assessments were done at University of Eldoret Crop Protection Laboratory. The experiment was laid in a split-plot arrangement in RCBD with four replications. The subplots consisted two susceptible varieties to aflatoxins (Duma and Punda milia) while the sub plots consisted seven treatments including Trichoderma harzianum, Monascus species, fungal isolate MCMT3, fungal isolate MCBT4b, co-inoculation treatment (Monascus sp, MCMT3, and MCBT4B), Aflasafe KE01TM (positive check) and control (negative check). Inoculations of the isolates were done at 7days after silk emergence at 4ml per ear, while Aflasafe KE01TM was applied two weeks before flowering. At post-harvest 5 grains per subplot were cultured in PDA in triplicates and incubated at 25-27oC aseptically. Data on percentage incidences of AF, OTA, PAT and PCN fungi, and number of diverse fungi was collected and subjected to descriptive statistics using Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet Software of Microsoft 365 version. Monascus spp. and T. harzianum concoctions best suppressed mycotoxin fungal incidences but did not differ significantly with MCMT3, MCMT4b, and the co-inoculation of isolates MCMT3, MCMT4b, and Monascus spp. Co-inoculation of Monascusspp., MCMT3, and MCMT4b displayed no synergism in suppressing mycotoxin fungi. In conclusion, Monascus spp., T. harzianum, MCMT3 and MCMT4bhave an inhibitory capacity against A. flavus, A. parasiticus, A. nomius, A. niger P. corrylophilum, and P. auratiogriseum in field conditions. Isolates MCMT3, MCMT4b and Monascusspecies are recommended to control mycotoxins in maize and other crops susceptible to toxigenic fungal infections.Item Effects of Water Quality on Spatio-Temporal Diversity of Benthic Macro-Invertebrate Species along the Selected Shores of Lake Victoria, Homa-Bay County, Kenya(The International Journal of Science & Techno ledge, 2021-09) Owalo, Patricia Okune; Owuor, JB Okeyo; Kogogo, Pamella WereHuman-induced landscape alterations impact the ecological integrity of water resources by adversely affecting freshwater ecosystems, water-quality, habitat structure, flow regimes, and biotic interactions. For instance, freshwater Lake Victoria continues to be affected by the massive discharge of wastewater and other pollutants from the surrounding basin which interfere with the ecological balance leading to adverse impact on benthic macro-invertebrates especially along the lake shores. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of water quality on the diversity of benthic macro- invertebrates along the shores of Lake Victoria in Homa-Bay County, Kenya. Samples were taken at various beaches including Oluch Kimira River Mouth, Homa Bay Sewage discharge point and Mbita East of course way shoreline. and examined for water quality parameters and the species diversity of benthic macro-invertebrates at monthly intervals between September 2019 and Feb 2020. The study was conducted during dry and wet seasons to help determine any changes in waste water discharges, water quality and benthic macro-invertebrates’ characteristics. The results showed significant differences between various sites along the 3 different sites. During both wet and dry periods, Oluch Kimira and Homa Bay recorded low DO levels (4.0±0.46 to 6.2±0.19) MgL-1, while Mbita East of the course way throughout the period recorded DO level of (5.6±0.23 to 7.7±0.17) MgL-1. The mean concentration of Ammonia,NH4(µgL¯¹) during the dry season was (6.32 ±.3.55 to 8.79±3.02) and during the wet season 12.16± 0.92 to 22.50 ± 0.52. The county government should implement the findings of this study, which provides baseline data for evaluating the trends in water quality and related changes in benthic-macro invertebrates biodiversity in Lake Victoria shorelines in Homa Bay County. The findings will also help in making policy decisions in order to support environmental protection in Lake Victoria.Item Cassava value chain upgrading for secure food, nutrition, income and resilience of smallholder farmers in the Agricultural Semi-Arid Lands of Nakuru County – Preliminary results..(RUFORUM Working Document Series, 2019) Mulwa, R.M.S; Arama, P.F; Wambua, M; Matofari, J. W; Kaburu, PCassava is an important food security crop in Kenya, mainly grown for subsistence and limited commerce in the western, eastern, and coastal regions. Demand for the crop has grown in nontraditional growing areas of Nakuru County where cassava agribusiness development initiatives have been introduced. However, cassava agribusiness is constrained by introduced varieties’ susceptibility to Cassava Brown Streak Disease (CBSD), late maturity, low yields, and poor adaptability. Participatory introduction of improved sweet varieties with CBSD tolerance and exposure of communities to broad based utilities of cassava is needed to upgrade the value chain to a commercial status. The current study aims at contributing to improved food, nutrition and income security of Nakuru County small holder cassava farmers through innovations in the cassava value chain. The following objectives are being pursued; 1) farmer participatory screening of cassava varieties to select suitably adapted early maturing sweet varieties for the arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) of Nakuru County; 2) Improving CBSD resistance in farmer preferred varieties using Marker Assisted Selection techniques; 3) Developing safe high value cassava based food, feed and industrial products for improved food, nutrition and trade/ commerce; and 4) Building capacity of graduate, undergraduate, and TVET students, and farmers in breeding and development, testing and utilization of cassava food and feed products. The project under which these objectives are being pursued has in the first year conducted a household baseline survey to determine the status of cassava production, value addition, and utilization in three selected sites (Sub-counties) in the county. A farmer participatory sweet cassava germplasm collection and evaluation in the three sites have been undertaken; the evaluation sites and plantings also acted as demonstration fields where farmer trainings were held. Also, three suitable varieties for each of two sites (Subukia and Solai) have been selected for further bulking and distribution to farmers. Five farmers’ trainings on cassava production and evaluation have been conducted, with over 216 farmers attending. Two community dialogue sessions on cassava production and the crop’s benefits have also been held. Farmer to farmer learning has been initiated with the demonstration host farmers keeping registers of compatriots visiting their sites for learning purposes. In the project, two PhD students have been recruited to conduct studies on cassava product development (Food Science) and to develop improved germplasm with tolerance to CBSD (Plant Breeding). Four (4) M.Sc. students (2 Agribusiness and 2 Community studies) under the TAGDev programme are studying various aspects of the cassava value chain in Migori county where cassava is established crop value chain and one MSc student is studying aspects of cassava biochemistry for fermentable starch. 10 TVET students have been recruited to be exposed to cassava agribusiness through trainings in clean seed production and value addition.Item Tobacco Farming Using Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers Effect on Soil Quality in Migori County(Africa Enviromental Review Journal., 2022-11) Kisinyo, Peter Oloo; Owuor, J. B. OkeyoIn Kenya, tobacco is grown in several counties like Migori, Bungoma and Meru counties, the largest producer being China, followed by the USA and India. Whereas tobacco industry argues that tobacco cultivation is a lucrative economic venture for smallholder farmers, studies show the risks associated with tobacco growing outweigh its benefits. These includes the destruction of groundwater resource, river sedimentation systems, soil infertility among others. This study aims to assess effect of soil amendments – organic and inorganic fertilizers- on soil quality. The study was carried out in four sites in Migori County - Mabera, Bondo, Kakrao and Masaba. Tobacco was grown using inorganic fertilizer (DAP and CAN) (TF) at a recommended rate of 60 kg P/ha and 30 kg N/ha; organic fertilizer (manure) (TOM) was applied at recommended rate of 4 t/ha; and Control (TO). Tobacco was planted in a 10 m2 plots, laid in RCBD, with three replicates. Land preparation was done by hand digging using a hoe. Variety 583V was used in the four sites - Bondo, Kakrao, Mabera and Masaba. Normal agronomic practices were carried out throughout the experiment period. Data was collected management on tobacco yield. Soils data was also collected on soil pH, P, SOC and total N. Data was analyzed using GLM and subjected to ANOVA using GENSTAT 12. Means were separated using Tukeys at 5%. On average, soil pH at planting in season one was between 4.72 and 5.51. At harvest, soil pH measured between 4.57 to 5.41. In season two, there was no significant difference (p≤0.05) in the measured soil pH at planting. In season three, mean soil pH at planting stood at 4.89a under T. Masaba soils recorded the lowest soil pH mean under TF (4.72), followed by Kakrao (4.82). Generally, soil pH increased significantly (p≤0.05) TF and TOM when compared to the control, where pH levels decreased marginally. This indicates that high manure in the soil has the ability to absorb or bind hydrogen ions in its humic forms, whereas N fertilizers (DAP) add hydrogen ions to the soil, resulting in high acidity. Slight increase in pH in the control in season three may be due to H + ions absorbed from the soil solution by humic substances. Highest mean tobacco yield in season two was recorded under TF. This was in Bondo in season two with a mean of 2.740 t/ha. Most high tobacco yields come from TF treatments which are in the forms of diammonium phosphate or DAP. The rapid growth of tobacco is due to phosphorus and nitrogen uptake. Excessive amounts H+ ions in reduced soil pH results to fixation and limitation of phosphorus uptake, and this has general adverse effects on tobacco yield. In conclusion, increasing the soil pH inhibited the growth of tobacco plants. Lower soil pH decreased the leaf weight by 0.3%-21.29%. Soil pH is an important factor that affects the growth of tobacco plants as well as the quality and yield of tobacco leaves, and this differs under different soils and climatic conditions.Item Neodomestication and Its Effect on Growth and Production of Wild Yam in Baringo and Uasin Gishu Counties of Kenya(Africa Enviromental Review Journal, 2022-06) Chemwetich, J. R.; Too, E. J.; Osoro, O. A.Wild yam (Dioscorea spp.), particularly Dioscorea schimperiana Kunth tubers, have been used as food during times of severe famine. However, there is no documentation on attempted wild yam domestication in Kenya. Therefore, the study was conducted to assess the effect of domestication on the growth and production of D. schimperiana, with the aim of developing new yam cultivars that could be used to improve food security. Tubers from six (6) D. schimperiana accessions from five (5) selected localities, including Kombosang (KB1), Moigutwo (MB1), Mormorio (MB2 and MB2C), Kolol (KE), and Chepsangor (CN), in the North Rift region of Kenya, were collected. Cultivated yam, Dioscorea alata (MN and MT) accessions obtained from Mathia and Mogoi in Nyeri and Trans-Nzoia Counties, respectively, were used as references. The tubers were sprouted in dark rooms and transplanted in Growth Pouches in the net-house and also in 2 feet holes in the field, spaced at 1m intra row and 1m inter row and staked. Data on internode and vine length, number of leaves, presence or absence of bulbils, number and fresh weight of tubers per plant per accession were recorded. The data collected were then subjected to analysis of variance and the differences among means adopted as significant at P≤0.05. All the five (5) field-grown D. schimperiana accessions significantly showed varied vegetative growth in the net-house and field accessions. The Dioscorea schimperiana produced longer internodes than the D. alata accessions. However, D. alata formed longer vines than the D. schimperiana accessions. Except Dioscorea alata which did not produce tubers in the field but small ones in net-house, D. schimperiana formed single large tubers per plant. Apparently, most D. schimperiana accessions namely, KE, MB1, MB2 and CN produced significantly heavier tubers compared to the control (MB2C), but. KB1 had similar tuber weight as the control. The results show that net-house and field cultivation improve tuber weight of D. schimperiana. Some D. scimperiana (KE, MB1 and CN) showed greater potential for domestication and could be cultivated to improve food security.Item Socio-economic Determinants of Sugarcane Soybean Intercropping among Smallholder Farmers in Awendo Sub-County, Kenya(Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 2022-11-01) Ouko, Kevin Okoth; Ogola, Robert John O.; Oketch, Modock Odiwuor; Midamba, Dick Chune; Ogweno, Peter Oyier; Nyangweso, Gaster N.; Mutonyi, Jonathan; Ng'ong’a, Charles Adino; Muteti, Francisca NdindaGlobal climate change and decreases in available land are significant challenges humans currently face. Alternative management approaches for sugarcane fields have great potential to help mitigate these problems in Kenya. Intercropping as a crop diversification strategy is a crucial coping mechanism for agriculture's income, production, and marketing risks. The main purpose of this study was to analyze the determinants of sugarcane-soybean intercropping among sugarcane farmers to inform policymakers about policy adjustment. The study used primary data collected from 246 households using a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a logistic regression model. Results showed that 63% of the respondents had adopted sugarcane monocropping compared to only 37 % who had adopted sugarcane-soybean intercropping. Specifically, the study found that sugarcane farming experience (p =<0.10), production acreage (p =<0.10), land ownership (p =<0.10), and divorced as marital status ((p =<0.05) had negative and significant effects on sugarcane – soybean intercropping, while farmers' age (p =<0.10) and widowed as a marital status (p =<0.01) depicted a positive and significant association with sugarcane – soybean intercropping. From the findings, lack of credit for farm operations and the high cost of farm inputs also emerged as barriers to the adoption of sugarcane intercropping systems. Based on the results, the study suggests the need for government to promote the development of agricultural policy that supports the shift from non-diversification to crop diversification through developing guaranteed access to inputs and subsidies on farming input resources with priority given to smallholder farmers.Item Effect of land use change on food production in Dede division, Migori County, Kenya(International Journal of Social Sciences and Information Technology, 2021-11) Bundeh, Lennard WilliamFood production issues have dominated Kenyan Government development planning agenda for decades. Low food production has been experienced especially in areas where cash crops such as sugarcane are grown as it competes for rich agricultural land with food crops. Despite income from sugarcane, some households in Dede Division are still experiencing food shortages. This study assessed the effects of land use change on food production. The study adopted a descriptive research design with a sample size of 370 households drawn from a population of 9,503 households within the Division. Quantitative data was collected using household questionnaires administered to household heads. Qualitative data was obtained using key informant interviews (KII). More primary data was collected from direct observation and use of photography. Secondary data was obtained from published works, books and journals. Quantitative data was cross tabulated, and the analysis presented in tables. Qualitative data was coded, compiled and integrated into the text. It therefore emerged that land use was correlated with food production (r=-.560, p<.05) and land relocation had a negative effect on food production (r=-.657, p<.05). The study therefore concluded that changes in land use by the households are responsible for the low food production in the study area and lastly relocation resulted in low food production in the Division. This study therefore recommends that there should be policies focused on encouragement of efforts of Non-Governmental Organizations already on the ground such as ‘Njaa Marufuku’ to improve food production, the Government should also put measures in place for the relocated population to be adequately empowered to improve their coping capacity.Item Effect of relocation occasioned by sugarcane farming on food production in Kenya, Migori County(International Journal of Social Sciences and Information Technology, 2022-08) Bundeh, Lennard WilliamA popular view on the impacts of relocation on agriculture is that rural movements lead to a decline in agricultural cultivation and food production. Despite the relocation occasioned by sugarcane farming, there is still low production and importation of sugar cane. The objective of the study was therefore to establish the effects of relocation occasioned by sugarcane farming on food production. The study was carried out in Dede Division located in Awendo Sub-County which is one of the Sub-Counties in Migori County. The study adopted descriptive research design. Random sampling technique was used to select the respondents who included small scale farmers. The key informants included chiefs, assistant chiefs, and Sub County Agricultural Officers, KESREF officials at Opapo sugar research station and Sony sugar company head of agriculture. Primary data was collected using questionnaires. Statistics on the size of the land under sugarcane was obtained from the Agriculture Department of Sony Sugar Company. The study revealed that the main cause of relocation in the study area was expansion of Sony nuclear farms as 81.3% of the households were relocated by the factory. Food production per household before the relocation stood at 23.3% of total produce for Maize, Beans had 16% but after relocation, Maize production reduced to 10.6% and Beans to 8.5%. It therefore emerged that land relocation had a negative effect on food production (r=-.657, p<.05). The study therefore concluded that. relocation resulted in low food production in the Division. This study therefore recommends that the Government should also put measures in place for the relocated population to be adequately empowered to improve their coping capacity.Item Expansion of land use for sugarcane production in Dede division, Migori County, Kenya(International Journal of Social Sciences and Information Technology, 2021-04-24) Bundeh, Lennard WilliamIncrease in acreage of land put under sugarcane cultivation has been sustained globally as from 1950’s through the year 2000 up to date. Expansion of acreage under sugarcane has been occurring regardless of the size of agricultural land available in these areas. This study sought to determine the extent of expansion of land use for sugarcane production. Kenya has only approximately 582,646 square kilometers of land out of which only 20% is of agricultural potential. There is therefore need to carry out similar research in an area where there are limitations on the size of land available for Sugarcane expansion. The study adopted a descriptive research design with a sample size of 370 households drawn from a population of 9,503 households within Dede Division in Migori County. The study revealed that three quarters of the household heads (70.3%) who had given their land to an heir admitted that sugarcane was preferred by the beneficiaries followed by coffee (17.0%) and tobacco (12.7%). Before expansion of acreage under sugarcane, 27.1% of the land was set aside for maize and only 0.6% of the land was used for production of sugarcane. However, when commercialization of sugarcane started, the acreage under it increased from 0.6% to 61.2% per household. Its output increased from 1.8% to 97.8% tons. The study therefore concluded that; the allure of possible comfort from income generated through sugarcane production has contributed to the expansion of the area dedicated to it as a cash crop. This study therefore recommends that, measures be put in place by the Government to ensure that expansion of commercial sugarcane cultivation is controlled so as to boost food production.Item Incorporating an Environmental Management Plan in Water Utilities Management Systems to Reduce Water Loss: Case of Non-Revenue Water in Kisumu City, Kenya(AJOL, 2022-09-26) Onyango, Teresa Aoko; Owuor, Okeyo, JB; ODINDE, DNOne of the biggest issues facing water utilities is the water loss experienced during the distribution process. This study sought to examine water distribution process in Kisumu and formulate an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to minimize water loss and mitigate their negative environmental impacts. A qualitative research approach and a case study research design were employed where 25 participants from Kisumu Water and Sanitation Company (KIWASCO) were interviewed in a Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Content analysis of the data collected indicated that water quality and quantity were greatly affected by water loss and the problems associated with them included water pollution due to introduction of contaminants when leakages or pipe bursts occur and water scarcity where the water utility was unable to make up for the amount of water lost. Water abstraction technique was also identified as a vital factor that determines how much water is lost even before it gets into the distribution system. Land/soil, socioeconomic and political environment were also some of the factors identified as they form the backbone of a functional EMP. The research concluded that as much as KIWASCO has a strategic plan to minimize these water losses, the goal entirely focuses on doing so for economic gains and not to address the associated negative environmental impacts hence the recommendation that there is need to incorporate an EMP in their management systems that will not only ensure high revenue generation but also guarantee the conservation of the said water resource to achieve environmental excellence.